Maritime practice for sailor A. I. Litvinenko. Ship's rigging Safety measures during maintenance

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NOTE ON "MARITIME PRACTICES"

1-1.Terminology and purpose of the spar of a modern ship.

A spar is a set of ship structures made of steel pipes or metal beams designed to perform various functions (carrying lights, signs, flags, antennas, cargo devices). The spar includes: masts and booms, bow and stern flagpoles, yard and gaff. On sailing ships, the spar is designed to carry sails, lights and flags. On transport ships, masts are designed to carry lights, signs, flags, antennas and cargo booms. Anchor lights and marks are raised on the bow flagpole. Signal flags and the flag of the host (visiting) country of the vessel are hoisted on the yardarm. The National flag is hoisted on the stern flagpole when the vessel is moored. The National flag is hoisted on a gaff while the ship is moving. Fig.1.

Fig.1 Spar and standing rigging of a vessel with a mechanical engine:

1 – flagpole; 2- mainstay; 3 - gaff; 4 - main-sten-fordun; 5 - cargo booms; 6 main topmast; 7 - mainsail shroud; 8- trot-mast; 9 - main-stay-stay; 10 - half mast; 11 - stay pipes; 12 - top stay;

13- fore-wall-counter-stay; 14 - signal halyards; 15 -for-sten-fordun; 16 - fore-shrouds, 17 - foremast; 18 - for-wall-.ga; 19 - fore-stay; 20 - forestay
1-2.Rigging.

motionless standing the rigging intended for fastening the masts and spars is called shrouds (fastened from the sides of the ship) and stays (fastened the masts along the diametral line).

Fixed masts include: cargo and signal masts. Lights and signs, flags and antennas are raised on signal masts, and a cargo device is placed on cargo masts, as well as lights and flags. Also standing rigging includes: bow and stern flagpoles. The anchor lights and signs of the ship are raised on the bow flagpole, and the state flag is raised on the stern one when the ship is moored, in a port or in a roadstead. There is also an inclined spar-gaff, located on the signal mast of the ship, on which the state flag is hoisted while the ship is moving.

Rigging is a set of gear designed to control a movable spar for setting and retracting sails, cargo operations, and raising flags and signs.

Movable (running) rigging is located on the cargo device (toppenant, cargo pendant, guys) on boats and ladders (dinghies and gangplanks), and is used for lifting and lowering cargo, as well as turning the boom, for lowering and raising boats and ladders, as well as for opening and closing the ship's holds and tween decks.

^ Running rigging kept in good technical condition, constantly lubricating it and checking for suitability for work. Lubrication is made with a mixture of grease and graphite powder, called tyrovka. The cables are graded after cleaning them from rust and old grease using steel brushes by applying a thin layer of lubricant. Regularly, before starting cargo operations, cables and other rigging equipment (chains, shackles, hooks, swivels, blocks) are checked for their suitability for work. Check the integrity of the metal wires; if there are 10% broken wires along 8 diameters along the length of the cable, then the cable must be replaced with a new one. If there is wear on hook chains, blocks, and brackets that is 10 percent or more, then such rigging equipment must be replaced. Be sure to check the operation of the limit switches for turning the crane, raising and lowering the cargo boom and cargo pendant.

Maintenance of standing rigging is as follows: regular painting; if rust appears, remove it and then paint the spar; if 10% of the original diameter of the spar is lost, it is necessary to replace this area with a new one, cut out the area damaged by rust and weld in a new one.

Steel cables are used for running and standing rigging on modern ships. These are topnants, pendants, guy ropes, tackle hoists, and whistles for opening and closing holds. Plant ropes are used for minor work (guys, painters, slings, railings).

^1-3. Rope tensile strength. The breaking force of the cable is the force on the cable at which the cable breaks. The breaking force is checked at the manufacturer's plant and data on the breaking force is entered into a quality certificate, which is issued to the ship along with the cable and is stored on the ship while the cable is in operation. The certificate also indicates the manufacturer, the material of manufacture, the number of wires in the cable, and the diameter of the cable. The breaking force of the cable is necessary to determine the working load of the cable.

The working load is the load at which the cable operates freely without breaking. To determine the working load of the cable, it is necessary to enter the safety factor of the cable; for cables that perform cargo work (lifting loads), the safety factor is sixfold, and for lifting people, the safety factor is twelvefold. An example of how to determine the working load of a cable: Breaking force of the cable: 60 tons (indicated in the quality certificate) divided by 6 (margin of safety) and we get a working load of 10 tons (60 tons: 6 = 10 tons). To lift people, we introduce a safety factor of 12 and get - 60: 12 = 5 tons. The number 60 is taken as an example; it can be more or less depending on the thickness of the cable.

^ 1- 4 Vessel rigging. Rigging items include hooks, eyes, butts, cleats, blocks, chains, staples, etc. Among the many hooks, it is necessary to pay attention to the cargo hook; its difference is that the nose of the hook is bent inward and therefore it does not cling to ship structures during cargo operations. The hooks must have a stamp indicating the safe working load (SWL). Also, the verb-hook is a hook that can be released under tension, it is used when securing a caravan of timber on the deck of a ship, as well as when securing rafts on the deck of a ship, railings on boats decks and in other similar cases. Fig 2.

Rice. 2. Gaki (A - ordinary simple; b - ordinary turn; V - swivel; G- ship cargo hook; 3 - snoring; e- verb-hack): 1 - butt; 2 - back; 3 - toe hook

The butt is a powerful structure welded to the deck or ship structure, which can withstand a load twice as large as the eye. An eye is a ring that is mounted into the butt and is used for minor loads. Thimbles are used in the manufacture of fires on steel and plant cables to prevent wear of the cable. Fig.3.

Rice. 3. Eye-2 and butt - 1. Thimbles - 3.
The blocks can be single-pulley or multi-pulley; from two blocks you can make a hoist for lifting a load. Caniface block, this is a block with a folding part (cheek) is used when it is necessary to insert the cable into the block not from the end, but from its middle. The blocks must have a stamp indicating its testing and a trademark of the manufacturer. Fig.4.

Fig.4 Blocks:

A - single pulley (1 - suspension; 2 - binding; 3 - flow, 4 - pulley; 5 -nog; 6 - liner; 7 - device for fastening the main end of the cable); b- cargo (7 - suspension; 2 - binding; 3 - frame; 4 - pulley); V- rosin block (1 - pendant; 2 - fitting; 3 - pulley; 4 - dowel; 5 - body; 6 - rotary stopper; 7 - folding part).
1-5. Gordeni and tali, their use on board. A gorden is a lifting device consisting of a single-pulley block fixed motionless and a cable (pendant) passed through it. The gorden gives a convenient direction of traction without any gain in strength. Used to change the direction of lifting a load. Fig.5.

Rice. 5. Gorden

A hoist is a lifting device with a manual or mechanical drive, consisting of two blocks through which a steel or plant cable passes; its running end is called a shovel. According to the purpose of the hoists, they are distinguished: sloop hoists (for raising and lowering boats), rumnel hoists (steering control), grab hoists (lifting small weights). Fig.6.

Rice. 6. Hoist base (A - 4-pin; b - 6-pulley):

I - block with devices for fastening the main end of the cable;

II - second block; 1-7 - cable wiring sequence
Multi-pulley hoists provide a good gain in strength and are therefore used in lifting mechanisms, especially on heavy booms and crane booms. When lifting a load of 60 tons, the load on the winch will be no more than 20 tons. Multi-pulley hoists or hoists are used on cranes and floating cranes for lifting large loads; they have two 8- or 12-pulley blocks that allow lifting loads from 100 to 2000 tons .

Figure 7 shows the use of guineas on a heavy arrow.

Rice. 7.Heavy cargo device with a reversible boom with a lifting capacity of up to 300 tons (Stülken system).

1-6.Safety when working with rigging equipment. First of all, the tool for work must be in good working order and suitable for work. You cannot use eyelets to secure the cargo hook, because The eye is much weaker than the butt and when the load boom pendant or hook is pulled, the eye is destroyed and can injure workers. When using hoists, it is necessary to make sure that the butt to which the hub or hoists are attached must be securely fastened, which prevents the hub from falling along with the load and injuring working people. Before using staples, chains, blocks, the degree of wear of the working surfaces and swivels should be checked; wear should not exceed 10% of the original diameter. When making a fire and using a pile, you cannot stand opposite the person working with the pile because very often the pile slips off the cable and can injure the person standing opposite. When cutting strands of a metal cable, the chisel should have a welded handle or an elongated one, so as not to injure the hands of the person holding the chisel. It is necessary to work with glasses and gloves; a hydraulic cable cutter is safe.
Topic No. 2. Technical operation of the ship’s hull and premises.

^1-7. Tools used to maintain the vessel. The following tools are used to care for the vessel: picks, scrapers, metal brushes, paint brushes, rollers. As well as mechanical tools: pneumatic turbines, pneumatic hammers, pneumatic chisels, etc.

On large areas, mechanical turbines and mechanical brushes are used, and in corners and narrow areas, pneumatic hammers and chisels are used, after which the surface is thoroughly cleaned with metal brushes and, if necessary, degreased with a solvent. Only after this is the surface ready for application of primer, which is usually applied in 2-3 layers, and then 2 layers of enamel or epoxy paint. To apply paint, brushes are used (fly brush, flute brush, angled brush, marking brush), as well as rollers of different sizes for applying paint. On large pre-prepared surfaces, pneumatic paint sprayers are used.

To remove cement residues (white deposits), use “cement remover” liquid, it is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:4, applied to the surface, and then washed off with water, this liquid is toxic, so you must protect your respiratory organs and eyes. If there is a coating of rust on the metal, it can be removed using a rust remover; a thick layer of rust must be removed mechanically. To remove rust stains on paint, use a solution of oxalic acid, followed by rinsing with water.

^1-8. Paints and varnishes, primers, putties. Varnishes are solutions of natural and synthetic resins or their compounds with oil and other substances in some volatile solvent. Depending on the film-forming base, varnishes can be oil, alkyd, bitumen, nitrocellulose, polyvinyl, epoxy, etc. They are used both in their pure form for coating wooden and metal structures, and for the preparation of various enamel paints. Alkyd-based varnishes PF-283 and GF-166 are used for coating wooden and metal surfaces. Oil paints use natural and artificial drying oil as a film former. Enamel paints are prepared using varnishes; when dry, the enamels form a hard, shiny, glossy surface. Emulsion paints are quick-drying with reduced flammability and increased frost resistance, which are prepared using latexes (rubber copolymers). Special paints are antifouling, acid and alkali resistant. They are used to paint the underwater part of the ship's hull in order to prevent them from becoming overgrown with microorganisms.

^ Primers and putty. Primers are the lower layers of paint and varnish coatings, i.e. layers applied directly to the surface to be painted. The main purpose of the primer is to protect the metal surface from corrosion and ensure good adhesion to subsequent layers of paint. Primers must have low viscosity in order to penetrate into all pores of the primed surface, high anti-corrosion and water resistance. Primers are distinguished for metals and light alloys, non-ferrous alloys and wood. Oil primers are used to prime surfaces that are then painted with oil paints. To prime metal surfaces above the waterline, use a mixed primer consisting of lead and iron lead. To prime wooden surfaces, the primer is diluted with linseed oil in a ratio of 1:2. Zinc white is widely used for priming galvanized surfaces and light alloy structures. Protective primers have protective properties, which are based on the fact that the metal being painted becomes a cathode and does not corrode, and the metal pigment (zinc dust) is exposed to corrosion.

Putties are thick putties for smoothing out unevenness and roughness on the surface to be painted. The main components of the putty are a filler - powdered chalk and a film former - drying oil or varnish. Depending on the film-forming agent, putties can be oil-based, varnish-based, clay-based, epoxy, etc.

^ 1-9 Preparing the surface for painting and painting various surfaces. Before resuming painting, steel surfaces are cleaned of loose paint and rust. Depending on the size of the corroding surface, it is beaten with picks or pneumatic hammers. For loose paint, scrapers, steel brushes, mechanical brushes and turbines are used. The metal must be upholstered in such a way that after this there are no nicks, burrs or nicks that increase corrosion. Particular care is taken in cleaning metal joints and welds and various recesses in the metal. The cleaned surface must be wiped with a rag, and if there are oil stains, then wiped with a solvent.

Galvanized and aluminum surfaces should be cleaned with extreme care, avoiding damage to the zinc coating and oxide film, as this leads to rapid corrosion of the metal. Therefore, it is better to clean them with scrapers and brushes. Aluminum surfaces should be cleaned with aluminum scrapers.

Before painting, wooden surfaces must be dry, clean, smooth, without glue swelling, grease or oil stains. The moisture content of the wood before painting should not be more than 15%. Previously painted wooden surfaces are cleaned of loose old paint with scrapers or sandpaper. After sanding, the surface is opened 1-2 times with natural drying oil, to which dry ocher is added to create roughness, which facilitates better paint application.

Before painting, you need to prepare the paint composition and the desired color. When mixing paints, you must remember that not all paints can be mixed with each other. To avoid coagulation, oil-based paints and paints containing white spirit should not be added to nitro paints. Emulsion paints do not mix with epoxy paints. Due to the fact that many paints are toxic and flammable, precautions must be taken when preparing them.

^1-10. Manual and mechanized painting of surfaces. Manual painting of the surface is done using brushes and rollers. Mechanical painting is painting using a spray gun. Shipyards and ship repair plants use special painting machines that occupy a large area for painting and evenly apply paint to the surface of the ship's hull.

Manual painting consists of the following: a brush or roller is dipped into the paint, then the excess paint is removed by wiping the brush on a board or bucket body, and only then the paint is applied to the surface without splashing it on the deck. When painting with a roller, make the following movements: dip the roller in the paint and then, without removing it from the bucket, roll out the excess paint on a board located inside the bucket and only after that begin painting the surface.

To operate the spray gun, it is necessary to prepare a sufficient amount of surface for painting, and then prepare the spray gun for work and prepare the person (cover the face generously with Vaseline, wear clothes that cover the entire body). When painting, avoid getting paint on rubber seals, portholes, lighting fixtures, lubricating the glass with grease or sticking paper on it.

^ 1-11. Ship cleaning on a ship. The cleaning procedure is determined by the chief mate together with the ship's doctor.

Daily cleaning are carried out by the ship's crew in their departments and in their personal cabins every day in the morning.

Sanitary emergencies are carried out under the guidance of the chief mate and the ship's doctor. During a sanitary emergency, they do a wet tidy of the entire cabin, including bulkheads and ceilings. The bedding is taken to the deck, where it is cleaned and aired. Cabinets, lockers and drawers are cleared of unnecessary items and washed. Ship decks are also thoroughly washed from top to bottom, with bulkheads and decks washed. Before starting to wash the vessel, all ship mats are collected and prepared for washing. At the end of washing the vessel, the portholes are washed with fresh water and then wiped with a special solution. After washing, all copper parts are polished to a shine. Sanitary emergency operations are carried out once a month and are timed to coincide with the arrival of the ship at the port or after a long stay of the ship in the port. Throwing trash, rags or highly soapy water overboard is prohibited. Draining soapy water into the toilet is prohibited because... it kills bacteria in the fecal system, and the water can be drained into the sink. After a ship leaves the port, a lot of garbage usually accumulates on the ship, so plastic and large garbage are burned in the ship's incinerator, and small garbage and food waste are thrown overboard, in accordance with the requirements of the MARPOL 73/78 convention.

^ 1-12. Disinfection and disinsection of the vessel.Disinfection carried out daily and in special cases at the direction of the ship's doctor or chief mate, daily disinfection is carried out in common areas to disinfect toilets, baths, baths, swimming pools, etc. The purpose of daily disinfection is to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases on the ship. If fungal diseases or scabies appear, as well as severe infectious diseases, the patient is isolated, and his things and bed linen are sanitized.

Pest control carried out by the crew under the guidance of the ship's doctor or chief mate to destroy harmful insects (flies, cockroaches, bedbugs, etc.). When they appear on the ship, dry and wet disinfestation is carried out. Dry is the spraying of various toxic powdered preparations (chlorophos, karbofos, dichlorvos). Wet disinfestation is carried out with a sodium hydroxide solution or a lime-kerosene emulsion. If necessary, SES also performs gas disinfestation using chloropicrin and dechloritane.

^ Deratization of the vessel, obtaining a certificate. Deratization is carried out by SES operators with the aim of exterminating rodents (rats, mice) by fumigating (gassing) the premises with toxic substances: sulfur dioxide, chloropecrin, methyl bromide. The ship is moored to a special berth in the port. The premises are tightly closed and sealed, food products are removed, the crew is evicted from the ship for the duration of the gasification, and the watch is maintained on shore. Vessel deratization is carried out 2 times a year for foreign vessels, for others - 1 time a year. If there are no rodents on the ship, the ship is exempt from rodent control and a certificate is issued. The deratization certificate is an international document that is presented at the request of the port sanitary services.

Fumigation- this is the destruction of cargo pests, it is carried out on the ship after loading the ship with food products (grain, cakes, tapioca, etc.). Under current conditions, fumigation is carried out on the voyage without eviction of the crew.