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School encyclopedia. Transnistrian Moldavian Republic Assumption rock monastery in Tsypovo

(PMR) an unrecognized state in southeastern Europe. It borders on the west with Moldova, on the east with Ukraine. It has no access to the sea. According to the Constitution of Moldova, it is part of the territory of the Republic of Moldova. The area of the country is 4.2 thousand km2. Capital Tiraspol.

The population is 550 thousand people. (2007). In 1990, the population of Transnistria was 730 thousand inhabitants. Almost 30.0% of the population are Ukrainians, 28.0% Russians, about 30.0% Moldovans, Bulgarians, Belarusians and others also live, representatives of 35 nationalities, including Jews, Gagauz, Tatars, etc.

Reasons for the conflict in Transnistria:
1) Transnistria was an industrialized part of the agrarian Republic of Moldova. The overwhelming majority of large industrial enterprises in Transnistria were subordinate to the union and were focused on all-union needs. The industry of Transnistria was more connected with the industrial centers of Ukraine and Russia than with Moldova itself. In addition, quite developed modern high-tech industries were located in Transnistria.

This industrial structure of Transnistria required highly educated executive and managerial personnel. Therefore, the directorial corps of industrial enterprises, as well as the party nomenclature of the region, were staffed mainly not from Moldovans, but from the circle of the all-Union nomenklatura, residents big cities Russia and Ukraine. For this reason, the Transnistrian nomenklatura had quite close relations with Moscow and considered itself part of the all-Union nomenclature, representing to a certain extent, both in Transnistria and in Moldova as a whole, the interests of the Union Center. She maintained purely nominal relations with the republican party nomenklatura of Moldova;

2) the nomenklatura of Transnistria was devoted to communist ideology, the integrity of the Soviet state and the socialist administrative economy. At this time, the process of ethnopoliticization of Moldovan society and the ruling party nomenclature occurred very quickly. Moreover, this process took place not under the slogans of the rise of the Moldovan, national, but under the sign of the Romanianization of Moldovan society.

In the spring of 1990, as a result of democratic elections, representatives of the Popular Front, which united both national democrats and ultra-nationalists, came to power. The government of the Republic of Moldova was headed by M. Druc, who sympathized with nationalist sentiments. Thus, the Transnistrian nomenklatura has lost any prospect of being represented both in republican structures and in Moldovan society as a whole.

On August 2, 1990, based on the results of a national referendum, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic was proclaimed. Transnistria abandons the Moldavian tricolor and uses the USSR flag as its official flag. It was subsequently changed;

4) linguistic factor in the conflict: on August 31, 1989, Moldova adopted a law stating that the official language is the language of the titular nation, establishing it as the state Moldavian language, identical to Romanian, with Latin spelling. The predominant Russian-speaking part of the population of Transnistria was excluded from both the cultural and information environment of the Republic of Moldova;

5) historical background: historically, Transnistria began to be part of the Republic of Moldova only in 1940. From 1924 to 1940, it existed as a state entity in the form of the Moldavian Autonomous Socialist Republic within Ukraine. From 1792 to 1917, Transnistria was part of the Russian Empire. Bessarabia was incorporated into the empire in 1812.
The history of Transnistria's statehood shows that it has the same historical rights to return to Russia or Ukraine as the inclusion of that part of Moldova, which was called Bessarabia, into Romania. Of course, Moldova’s move towards rapprochement with Romania could not but cause polarization of the positions of the population of Transnistria;

6) political prerequisites: an important political prerequisite that provided Transnistria with the opportunity to determine its new state status, and, therefore, made its participation in the conflict expedient, was the problem of union autonomy. Being part of the renewed Union made it possible for the Transnistrian nomenklatura to receive the same state status as the republican nomenklatura of Moldova. The Martovsky (1991) draft of the new Union Treaty provided for an increase in the subjects of the Union, which could already be not only the Union republics, but also the autonomies within them. In this way, the Union Center tried to keep the union republics within the USSR. The adoption of such a Treaty automatically meant the secession of Transnistria from Moldova.

Features of the emergence of the conflict in Transnistria: despite the fact that Transnistria makes up about 12.2% of the territory of Moldova, historically it considered itself an equal subject in relation to the other part of the republic; the direction of the actions of the political forces that took part in the conflict was not related to the assertion of the sovereignty of Moldova, but, on the contrary, was subordinated to integration into foreign state entities and orientation to external factors, both on the part of Chisinau, which sought to unify with Romania, and on the part of Transnistria , seeking to Russia.

In order to stop hostilities, on July 21, 1992, a meeting was held in Moscow between the President of the Republic of Moldova M. Snegur and the President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin, at which an Agreement on the principles of conflict resolution in the Transnistrian region was signed. From that moment on, the conflict between Chisinau and Transnistria entered the stage of de-escalation. The Moscow (1992) agreement became the basis for the further development of the conflict resolution process. The main political and legal principles that are set out in it:
- respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova;
- strict observance of human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities;
- determination by political methods, including parliamentary means, of the special status of the Left Bank of the Transnistrian region within the Republic of Moldova;
- granting the population of the Left Bank the right to determine their own future in the event of a change in the state status of Moldova;
- exclusion of any actions on anyone’s part that could impede the resolution of the conflict by peaceful political means.

However, the implementation of these principles in practice turned out to be very difficult, since there are a number of unresolved key problems:

1) the problem of determining a mutually acceptable political status of Transnistria. A mutually agreed upon idea of the political status of Transnistria is expressed in the concept of a “common state”. The main problem with this is the different interpretation of this concept by the Moldovan and Transnistrian sides. Chisinau stated that this state is the Republic of Moldova (RM), which is ready to grant special status to the Transnistrian region. In 2005, the Parliament of Moldova adopted a law on the special legal status of Transnistria, which established territorial autonomy for the Transnistrian region within Moldova. The authorities and people of Transnistria abandoned autonomy in favor of independence. In September 2006, a referendum was held in the PMR. 97% of the citizens of Transnistria who took part in the referendum spoke in favor of the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and its subsequent free accession to the Russian Federation. In total, 78.9% of the republic's population took part in the voting. The results of this referendum were not accepted by either Moldova or the international community represented by the UN.

The Pridnestrovian side sees a common state as a union of two sovereign, independent states, two equal subjects of international law - the Republic of Moldova and the Moldovan Transnistrian Republic. She advocates confederal relations with Moldova. But this option may be acceptable in the case when both subjects of the confederation have already become independent states;

2) problems of an economic nature: despite the fact that the parties agreed to have a common economy, the common economic space of Moldova and Transnistria can only be discussed in the foreign economic aspect. Pridnestrovian products are sold on the world market as products of the Republic of Moldova, using Moldovan quotas and Moldovan customs legislation. But in the internal economic aspect, Pridnestrovie has an independent economy.

The main problem is that after the events of 90, due to objective and subjective reasons, there were different priorities in the social development of both Transnistria and the Republic of Moldova. Moldova has proclaimed the guiding principles of democracy and the free market; in Transnistria, all state property is under the personal control of the leader of the republic and his narrow circle. The Transnistrian nomenklatura adheres to command-administrative methods of economic management. At the same time, Moldova managed to owe Transnistria $31 million for electricity and is in no hurry to pay it back;

3) the problem of the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transnistria and the reduction of the Russian military presence in the region. The Russian 14th Army took part in the Transnistrian conflict on the side of the Transnistrian people, then after the establishment of peace, with its help, a regular army of Transnistria with a strength of 5 thousand people was created, as well as a Russian peacekeeping battalion, which still operates in the security zone. Moldova sees the presence of the 14th Army on its territory as a threat to its national security. Tiraspol considers the 14th Army to be the guarantor of its security and peace. In addition, Transnistria is putting forward its claims to part of the property of the 14th Army.

Although the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic remains an unrecognized state, as a state the republic has proven its viability. The political power in Transnistria is legitimate, because it was elected by the population of the republic as a result of elections.

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic(Mold. Republic of Moldovenyaske Nistryane, Ukrainian. Transnistrian Moldavian Republic) or Transnistria (Mold. Transnistria, Ukrainian. Transnistria) is an unrecognized state in southeastern Europe. According to the administrative-territorial division of Moldova, the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is part of Moldova, although in fact the territory of Transnistria is not controlled by Moldova (with the exception of a few villages). Total length The border of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is 816 km: of which 411 km are with the territory controlled by the authorities of Moldova, 405 km are with Ukraine. It has no access to the sea.

Story

Since ancient times, this territory was inhabited by Tiragetae (a Thracian tribe). In the early Middle Ages, the territory of modern Transnistria was inhabited by the Slavic tribes Ulichi and Tivertsy, as well as nomadic Turks - the Pechenegs and Polovtsians. Specific time this territory was part of Kievan Rus, and since the 60s. XIV century - Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Northern Transnistria was part of the historical region of Podolia, and southern Transnistria became part of the Golden Horde (1242), from the end of the 15th century it became part of the Crimean Khanate, and from the second half of the 18th century it was subordinated to the Kaushan Horde. According to the Treaty of Jassy (January 9, 1792) it became part of the Russian Empire. At that time it was a sparsely populated region whose population was mixed - mostly Moldovans, but also Jews, Ukrainians, Serbs, and Bulgarians.

Since the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire has been settling this region to protect its southwestern border. Russian authorities encourage the migration of Bulgarians, Russians, Germans, Armenians, Greeks and Moldovans to Transnistria.

Throughout the 19th century, Transnistria, with the cities of Grigoriopol, Dubossary and Tiraspol, was part of the Russian Empire (Podolsk and Kherson provinces), Bendery was part of the Bessarabia province. From 1918 to 1940, Bendery and the right bank part of the Slobodzeya region were part of Romania as part of Bessarabia. The left bank part of Transnistria since 1918 (according to the old style - 1917) was part of the Odessa Soviet Republic, and after the German occupation - part of Ukraine, from which it became part of the USSR in 1922.

1920–1940s

Until 1940, Transnistria was part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1924, on the initiative of G.I. Kotovsky, P.D. Tkachenko and others, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) was created here as part of the Ukrainian SSR. It was supposed to become a springboard for the return of the Moldovan regions located on the right bank of the Dniester, annexed to Romania in 1918. The Soviet Union did not recognize their rejection, citing, in particular, the fact that Soviet demands to hold a national plebiscite on the ownership of this territory on the territory of the former Bessarabia province were twice rejected by the Romanian side. Moldovan, Ukrainian and Russian were declared the official languages of the MASSR. The capital of the republic became the city of Balta, but from 1928 it was moved to Birzulu (now Kotovsk), and in 1929 to Tiraspol, which retained this function until 1940.

After the defeat of Poland in the war against Germany, the entry of Soviet troops into the territory Western Ukraine and Belarus in September 1939 and the surrender of France in May-June 1940, on June 26, 1940, the USSR in an ultimatum demanded that Romania return the territory of Bessarabia to the USSR, as well as Northern Bukovina and the Hertsy region. Having lost the support of France and faced with Hungarian territorial claims in the west, royal Romania was forced to accept the ultimatum put forward by Stalin. The returned territory of Bessarabia (with the exception of Southern Bessarabia, included in Odessa region, and Northern Bessarabia, which together with Northern Bukovina and the Hertsy region formed the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR) was annexed to part of the MASSR and transformed into the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic with its capital in Chisinau. Balta and the surrounding areas remained part of the Ukrainian SSR, but without autonomous status.

After the creation of the MSSR, numerous immigrants from Russia and Ukraine went to Transnistria, helping to create local industry. Most of the industrial enterprises of the Moldavian SSR (now Moldova) were initially concentrated in the territory of Transnistria, since the economy of the rest of Moldova (Bessarabia) during its stay as part of Romania (1918-1940) was mainly agricultural in nature and was the most backward of all the provinces of Romania , and industrial enterprises were mainly engaged in processing agricultural products (the share of food industry products in 1937 was 92.4%).

The Great Patriotic War

The new geopolitical situation did not last long - already in 1941, Germany and its allies attacked the USSR, and Romania had the opportunity to regain the territories annexed a year ago by the Soviet Union. In addition to Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, which became part of Great Romania, the entire region between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers (including the cities of Balta, Vinnitsa, Odessa and the right bank part of Nikolaev), which was called Transnistria (“Transnistria”), came under the control of the Romanian administration.

In 1944, with the entry of the Red Army into the Balkans, the borders returned to the situation that existed at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

Period after 1945

In 1956, the 14th Army was stationed in the Moldavian SSR (including on the territory of Transnistria). She remained here after the collapse of the USSR, guarding weapons and ammunition depots - reserves created in case of hostilities in the South-Eastern theater of operations in Europe. In 1984, the army headquarters was transferred from Chisinau to Tiraspol.

In 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, Transnistria provided 40% of Moldova's GDP and produced 90% of electricity, since in the village. The Moldavian State District Power Plant was built in Dnestrovsk, which was supposed to produce electricity for export to the CMEA countries.

Education PMR

The Transnistrian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic within the USSR at the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Transnistria, held in Tiraspol on September 2, 1990.

On December 22, 1990, USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree “On measures to normalize the situation in the SSR Moldova”, in the 4th paragraph of which it was decided “to consider as having no legal force... the decisions of the II Congress of Deputies of Soviets of various levels from some settlements of Transnistria dated 2 September 1990 on the proclamation ... of the Moldavian Transnistrian Soviet Socialist Republic."

On August 27, 1991, the Parliament of the SSR of Moldova adopted Law No. 691 “On the Declaration of Independence,” which declared the law of August 2, 1940 “On the Formation of the Union Moldavian SSR” null and void, according to which the MASSR became part of the Moldavian SSR, emphasizing that “without asking the population of Bessarabia, the north of Bukovina and the Hertsa region, forcibly captured on June 28, 1940, as well as the population of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Transnistria), formed on October 12, 1924, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in violation of its constitutional powers, adopted a law on August 2, 1940 “On the formation of the Union Moldavian SSR.” Often, supporters of the sovereignty of the PMR argue that by their decision, the deputies of Moldova outlawed the only legal document regulating the presence of Pridnestrovie within Moldova. However, since UN member states recognize the independence of Moldova precisely in the context of the collapse of the USSR, and not in accordance with the 1991 law, thus considering it a successor state of the Moldavian SSR, the PMR’s arguments are not considered within the UN. Despite this, the law of August 27, 1991 was not repealed in Moldova itself and continues to be in effect.

On November 5, 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the PMSSR was renamed the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.

Administrative-territorial structure

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is a unitary state. The main part of the republic, with the exception of the city of Bendery and part of the Slobodzeya region, lies on the left bank of the Dniester River.

The territory of Transnistria is divided into 7 administrative units: 5 districts - Grigoriopolsky, Dubossary, Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Slobodzeya, as well as 2 cities of republican subordination - Bendery and Tiraspol

In accordance with the PMR Law of July 17, 2002 No. 155-Z-III (SAZ 02-29), the following types of administrative-territorial units are distinguished:

urban settlements (urban settlements, cities) - settlements in which more than 5,000 people live and the bulk of the working population is not employed in agriculture;
villages - settlements that cannot be classified as cities, but for the majority of the active population, whose main activity is not directly related to agriculture;
rural settlements (rural settlements) - villages, rural-type settlements, dacha settlements, the bulk of the population of which are employed in the agricultural sector. Among them, rural councils stand out - administrative-territorial units, which, with their fixed boundaries, cover one or more settlements along with the lands under their jurisdiction.

In accordance with the State Register “Administrative-territorial structure of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic”, the republic is divided into: 8 cities (Bendery, Grigoriopol, Dnestrovsk, Dubossary, Kamenka, Rybnitsa, Slobodzeya, Tiraspol), 8 villages (Glinoe, Karmanovo, Kolosovo, Krasnoe, Mayak , Novotiraspolsky, Pervomaisk, Solnechny), 143 villages, 4 railway stations (Kamenka, Kolbasna, Novosavitskaya, “Post-47”) and 1 church village of the Novo-Nyametsky Holy Ascension Monastery (village Kitskany).

Seven villages on the left (Vasilievka, Dorotskoe, Cocieri, Cosnita, Novaya Molovata, Pogrebya, Pyryta) and one on the right (Copanca) banks are administered by the official bodies of the Republic of Moldova. On the border between Moldova and Transnistria is the city of Bendery, part of which (the village of Varnitsa) is controlled by Moldova, and the rest of the territory is controlled by Transnistria.

The extreme northern settlement of Transnistria is the village of Frunzovka, the extreme western is Red October, the extreme eastern is the village of Staraya Andriyashevka and Pervomaisk, the extreme southern is Nezavertailovka.

Population

The population is 547 thousand people (2005). In 1990, the population of Transnistria was 730,000 inhabitants. Until 1992, there was a constant upward trend, but from this year the number of residents began to steadily decline. The working-age population is predominantly male.

National composition

As of 2004, Moldovans make up 31.9% of the republic's population. Two thirds of the population of Transnistria are Russians (30.3%) and Ukrainians (28.8%), Bulgarians (2%), Belarusians and others also live. In general, residents of 35 nationalities live on the territory of Transnistria, including Armenians, Jews, Gagauz, Tatars, etc.

Religion

The bulk of the population professes Orthodoxy; there are religious communities of Armenian Gregorians, Old Believers, Catholics, and Jews. Among the Protestant groups, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists and the Church of the Living God (charismatics) are active. Jehovah's Witnesses are also active.

Economy

A significant part of the industry of the former MSSR is concentrated on the territory of Transnistria. The basis of the economy of the PMR is made up of large enterprises, such as the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant, the Moldavian State District Power Plant, the Tirotex textile mill, the Quint cognac factory, the Sheriff company and others.

The main problems of the region's economy are mass emigration, an aging population, a negative foreign trade balance, high inflation, unrecognized status and dependence on neighbors.

The cities of Tiraspol, Bendery and Rybnitsa play a major role in the modern economy of Transnistria.

By the end of 2010, it is planned to create a new Euroregion “Dniester”, which, in addition to the three regions of Moldova and the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine, will also include the Kamensky and Rybnitsa regions of Transnistria.

Transnistrian conflict

The Transnistrian conflict (Mold. Conflictul din Transnistria) is a conflict between Moldova and an unrecognized state that controls part of the declared territory of Moldova - the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria), under whose control is mainly the left bank of the Dniester (Mold. Transnistria), whose population is Moldovans , Russians and Ukrainians (in approximately equal proportions).

The conflict, which began in Soviet time(1989), after Moldova gained independence, led to armed confrontation and numerous casualties on both sides in the spring and summer of 1992. Armed action ceased after Russian troops under the command of General Alexander Lebed intervened in the conflict to protect civilians and stop the bloodshed.

Currently, security in the conflict zone is ensured by the Joint Peacekeeping Forces of Russia, Moldova, Transnistria and military observers from Ukraine. Transnistria is the only region in Eastern Europe where, after the deployment of a peacekeeping contingent, military operations ceased and were not resumed. During numerous negotiations mediated by Russia, Ukraine and the OSCE, it was not possible to reach an agreement on the status of Transnistria. The Moldovan side has repeatedly spoken out in favor of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the region. Relations between the parties to the conflict remain tense.

Army

The armed forces of the PMR include ground forces, air forces, internal and border troops, as well as Cossack formations. The regular units consist of about seven thousand people. There are a thousand people in the voluntary Cossack detachments. The reservists or people's militia number about 80 thousand people. The army consists of three motorized rifles, one artillery brigade and one Cossack regiment. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security are responsible for two special battalions: “Dniester” and “Delta” - and a separate motorized police battalion. The level of training of all units is quite high. The armament consists mainly of outdated equipment - more than a hundred BTR-60 and BTR-70, more than a hundred different artillery systems and mortars, including Grad multiple rocket launchers. There is a tank battalion with twenty T-64BV tanks. The local air force has Mi-6 and Mi-8 helicopters, but no attack helicopters or combat aircraft.

Domestic policy

The dominant role in the internal economic life of the PMR is played by the Sheriff group of companies, covering various industries.

According to European Commission regulation 2005/147/CFSP, citizen of the Russian Federation Igor Smirnov, his sons Vladimir and Oleg, as well as other leaders of the PMR are prohibited from entering EU countries. In 2010, the PMR leadership was temporarily allowed entry into EU countries.

Peaceful settlement

Over the past years, Moldovan and Transnistrian authorities have made several attempts to improve relations. The parties were almost able to reach an agreement in 2003 on the basis of a settlement plan proposed by Dmitry Kozak, who at that time held the post of deputy head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation. According to this plan, Moldova was to become an “asymmetric federation”, and the PMR and Gagauzia would receive special status and the ability to block bills undesirable for the autonomies. Moldova pledged to maintain neutrality and demobilize the army, as well as provide Russia with the right to station Russian troops on the territory of Transnistria for a period of 20 years as “guarantors” of the conflict resolution. Literally at the last moment, under pressure from the OSCE and student protests, Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin refused to sign the agreement, saying that it gives unilateral benefits to the PMR and has a hidden goal - recognition of the independence of Transnistria. Negotiations resumed only in 2005 within the framework of the regional organization GUUAM on the basis of proposals presented by Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko.

According to the new plan, by August 2005 the Parliament of Moldova was supposed to pass a law on the special status of Transnistria, according to which the region should have a flag, a coat of arms and three state languages - Russian, Ukrainian and Moldavian. If Moldova ceases to be an independent state, Transnistria will be able to secede from it. In December 2005, the PMR, under the control of international observers, was supposed to hold early parliamentary elections, and Moldova pledged to recognize their results. Then Moldova and the PMR, with the participation of Russia, Ukraine and the OSCE, had to differentiate powers between the parties within the framework of the law on the status of Transnistria. Moldova then had to sign an international treaty obliging it to implement the law on Transnistria. The guarantors were to be Russia, Ukraine, the OSCE and, possibly, the EU and the USA.

The “Yushchenko Plan” allowed for direct communication between representatives of the international community and the PMR without the participation of Moldova. The document did not contain demands for the withdrawal of the Russian military contingent from the territory of the PMR, which Moldova insists on.

On July 22, 2005, the Parliament of Moldova approved the bill “on the status of Transnistria.” According to this document, Russian peacekeepers must leave the region by December 31, 2006, and Transnistria is part of Moldova with autonomy rights. The status of Transnistria is defined as “an administrative-territorial entity in the form of a republic within the Republic of Moldova.” The region should enter the single economic, customs and currency space of Moldova, but will receive its own constitution and government formed by the Supreme Council of Transnistria, a legislative body that will be elected by popular vote.

2006 - crisis and prospects

In May 2006, consultations were held between the Russian Foreign Ministry and the presidents of Transnistria and Abkhazia.

In June 2006, PMR President Igor Smirnov said that Transnistria is ready to take Moldova’s place in the CIS if it leaves the Commonwealth.

In June 2006, the heads of the PMR, Abkhazia and South Ossetia at a summit in Sukhumi, in addition to the Commonwealth of Unrecognized States (CIS-2), concluded a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and signed a Declaration on the Establishment of a Community for Democracy and the Rights of Peoples, which involves not only economic and political cooperation between the republics, but also the creation of collective peacekeeping armed forces that can replace Russian peacekeepers and jointly repel possible forceful actions of “small metropolises” and attempts to resolve the situation by military means.

In June 2006, the Russian President and Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the fate of unrecognized states should be determined by the will of their population based on the right to self-determination.

Referendum on independence of Transnistria

On September 17, 2006, a referendum was held on the territory of the PMR, to which two questions were asked: “Do you think it is possible to maintain the course of international recognition of Transnistria and join Russia” and “Do you think it is possible for Transnistria to become part of Moldova.” Moldova, the OSCE, the European Union and a number of other international organizations declared the referendum illegal and undemocratic.

97% of Transnistrian citizens who took part in the referendum spoke for the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and its subsequent free accession to the Russian Federation (RF). 2.3% of voters voted against integration with the Russian Federation.

3.4% of citizens of Transnistria spoke in favor of abandoning the course of independence of the PMR and the subsequent entry of the republic into Moldova, and 94.6% of referendum participants spoke against such integration. 2% of voters could not make a choice.

According to official data from the Central Election Commission of Transnistria, 78.6% of citizens who had the right to vote, or about 306 thousand out of 389 thousand people, took part in the referendum on September 17, 2006.

Transport and international communication in Transnistria

As an unrecognized state, the PMR experiences some difficulties in terms of international communications. Moldova runs some trains bypassing Transnistria. And yet there is a bus and train connection between Tiraspol and Bendery with Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, and Romania.

On September 2, the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic celebrates Republic Day.

On this day, at the Second Congress of People's Deputies of all levels, five regions of Moldova of the Pridnestrovian Union Republic located on the left bank of the Dniester as part of the USSR, and later, after Moldova left the USSR, the independent Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) with its center in Tiraspol. At the same time, the city of Bendery and several adjacent right-bank villages also spoke out in favor of joining the PMR. The reason for this step was the statements of nationalist radicals in Chisinau about Moldova’s withdrawal from the USSR and the possibility of its joining Romania.

The Moldovan authorities did not agree with the decision of the Transnistrian deputies and tried to solve the problem by sending troops into the unrecognized republic. In April 1992, an armed conflict began in Transnistria, which lasted several months until mid-July. As a result, Chisinau lost control over the left-bank regions, and Transnistria became a territory virtually beyond the control of Chisinau.

Tiraspol has not received international recognition, but is actively seeking it. Moldova offers Pridnestrovians autonomy within a single state.

In Transnistria, all government bodies have been formed and are fully functioning: legislative (Supreme Council and local councils), executive (Cabinet of Ministers, consisting of ministers and heads of departments included in the structure of executive authorities, as well as heads of state administrations of cities and districts), judicial (Constitutional, Supreme,

Arbitration (economic), courts, city and district courts), as well as the Prosecutor's Office as an independent supervisory body and the Accounts Chamber.
Industrial production occupies a dominant place in the economy of the republic. Over 37 thousand people are employed in industry.

The share of industry in the structure of gross internal product exceeds 30%. Payments from industrial enterprises account for over 60% of the total amount of payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

The basis of the economy of Transnistria is made up of large enterprises, such as the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant (MMZ), the Moldavian State District Power Plant, the Tirotex textile plant, the Quint cognac plant, the Sheriff company and others.

The leading place in the economy of the PMR is occupied by the electric power industry, ferrous metallurgy, light and food industries, mechanical engineering, metalworking, and production of building materials. Enterprises from the chemical, woodworking, furniture, printing, glass, and flour-grinding industries also make an important contribution to the state’s economy.

In the small business sector there are over 500 enterprises engaged in production activities.

The main types of products of industrial enterprises: electricity, rolled ferrous metals, foundry machines, electric machines and pumps, low-voltage equipment, cable products, electrical insulating materials, cement, fiberglass, furniture, cotton fabrics, shoes, clothing, wine, cognac and alcoholic beverages.

The republic's enterprises are export-oriented: about 90% of all products produced are supplied to the CIS countries and non-CIS countries. Pridnestrovie mainly exports metal, textiles, electricity, food, and shoes.

Transnistria has high agroclimatic and biological soil potential. Share Agriculture accounts for 5-6% in the structure of GDP.

Located on the territory of Transnistria state reserve"Yagorlyk". According to its status, it is a scientific reserve created for the purpose of preserving it in its natural state. natural complex water area and coastal zone of the Yagorlyk backwater, creating favorable conditions in this area for the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals and plants and studying the natural course of natural processes.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Details Category: Eastern European countries Published 09.09.2013 13:17 Views: 11239

The Transnistrian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as a Soviet republic within the USSR at the II Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Transnistria, held in Tiraspol on September 2, 1990.
On November 5, 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the PMSSR was renamed the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. In the Moldovan version, the name sounds like “Dniester Moldavian Republic”.

Transnistria borders Moldova and Ukraine. There is no access to the sea.

State structure

Form of government- presidential republic.
Head of State- President of the PMR.
Head of the government- Chairman of the Government.
Capital- Tiraspol.
Largest cities– Tiraspol, Bendery, Rybnitsa, Dubossary, Slobodzeya.
Official languages– Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian (based on Cyrillic).
Territory– 4,163 km².
Population– 513,400 people. Moldovans make up 31.9% of the republic’s inhabitants, Russians – 30.3%, Ukrainians – 28.8%. In general, representatives of 35 nationalities live on the territory of Transnistria: Bulgarians, Belarusians, Armenians, Jews, Gagauz, Tatars, etc.
Currency– Transnistrian ruble.
Religion- The majority of the population professes Orthodoxy.
There are a few religious communities of Jews, Old Believers, Armenian Gregorians, and Catholics. Jehovah's Witnesses actively preach.
Economy– a significant part of the industry of the former MSSR is concentrated on the territory of Transnistria. The basis of the economy of the PMR is made up of large enterprises: the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant, the Moldavian State District Power Plant, the Tirotex textile plant, the Quint cognac plant, etc. Developed agriculture.

The main problems of the economy: mass emigration, an aging population, a negative foreign trade balance, high inflation, unrecognized status and dependence on neighbors. However, the index of economic development, material security, as well as the coefficient of social protection of the population of the PMR is higher than in the neighboring Republic of Moldova.
Administrative division- the main part of the republic, with the exception of the city of Bendery and part of the Slobodzeya region, lies on the left bank of the Dniester River. The territory of Transnistria is divided into 7 administrative units: 5 districts - Grigoriopol, Dubossary, Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Slobodzeya, as well as 2 cities of republican subordination: Bendery and Tiraspol.

There are 8 cities in the republic (Bendery, Grigoriopol, Dnestrovsk, Dubossary, Kamenka, Rybnitsa, Slobodzeya, Tiraspol), 8 villages (Glinoe, Karmanovo, Kolosovo, Krasnoe, Mayak, Novotiraspolsky, Pervomaisk, Solnechny), 143 villages, 4 railway stations (Kamenka , Kolbasna, Novosavitskaya, “Post-47”) and 1 church village of the Novo-Nyametsky Holy Ascension Monastery (village Kitskany).
Pridnestrovie controls mainly the left bank of the Dniester.
Armed forces- ground forces, air force, internal and border troops, as well as Cossack formations.
Sport– Transnistrian athletes at international tournaments usually compete under the flag of Moldova or Russia. The following sports are popular: cycling and equestrian, swimming, rowing and canoeing, boxing, track and field, weightlifting and powerlifting, archery, baseball, basketball, volleyball, rugby, judo, kickboxing, handball and football.

What is the main conflict between Moldova and Transnistria?

Transnistrian conflict

This is a conflict between Moldova and the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, which claim control over a number of territories adjacent to the Dniester River (Transnistria).
The conflict began back in Soviet times, in 1989, after Moldova declared independence. In 1988-1989 In the wake of perestroika, numerous nationalist organizations appeared in Moldova, speaking under anti-Soviet and anti-Russian slogans. At the end of 1988, the formation of the Popular Front of Moldova began. Unionists are becoming more active, under the slogan “One language – one people!” calls to join Romania. Since 1991, two central Moldovan newspapers began to be published with the epigraph “Suntem români şi punctum!” “We are Romanians – that’s it!” on the first page, which is a statement by the Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu.

In the spring and summer, an armed confrontation began, which led to casualties on both sides. Russian troops under the command of a general Alexandra Lebed intervened in the conflict to protect civilians and stop the bloodshed. After this, hostilities ceased and were never resumed. Having entered the stage of peaceful settlement, the Transnistrian conflict remains one of the most difficult problems in the region to this day.

Security in the conflict zone is currently provided by the Joint Peacekeeping Forces of Russia, Moldova, Transnistria and military observers from Ukraine.
The status of Transnistria has been discussed many times, but no agreement has yet been reached. The Moldovan side is in favor of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the region. Relations between the parties to the conflict remain tense.

Referendum on independence of Transnistria

It was held on September 17, 2006 on the territory of Transnistria. Two questions were put to the referendum: “Do you think it is possible to maintain the course towards international recognition of Pridnestrovie and joining Russia?” and “Do you think it is possible for Transnistria to become part of Moldova?” 97% of the citizens of Transnistria who took part in the referendum spoke in favor of the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and its subsequent free accession to the Russian Federation. 2.3% of voters voted against integration with the Russian Federation. But Moldova, the OSCE, the European Union and a number of other international organizations declared the referendum illegal and undemocratic.
Transnistria has its own television, radio and press.

State symbols

Flag– the flag of Transnistria is an exact copy of the flag of the Moldavian SSR. Adopted September 2, 1991
It is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 1:2, double-sided red. In the middle of the panel on each side, along its entire length, there is a green stripe.
In the left corner of the upper part of the red stripe there is the main element of the coat of arms - a golden sickle and hammer with a red five-pointed star framed by a golden border.

Coat of arms– is an image of a crossed hammer and sickle, symbolizing the unity of workers and peasants, in the rays of the sun rising over the Dniester, framed around the circumference by a garland of ears and cobs of corn, fruits, grapes and vines, leaves intertwined with a red ribbon with inscriptions on the sash three languages:
on the right side - “Transnistrian Moldavian Republic”;
on the left side - “Pridnistrovian Moldavian Republic”;
in the middle part - “Republic of Moldovenasca Nistreane”.
In the upper part, between the converging ends of the garland, there is a five-pointed red star with golden edges. Images of the hammer and sickle, the sun and its rays are golden in color, the ears are dark orange, the ears of corn are light orange, and its leaves are dark yellow. The fruit is orange with a pink tint, the middle bunch of grapes is blue, and the side ones are amber. A stylized ribbon of the Dniester is blue with a white wavy line in the middle along its entire length. The drawing outline of the elements is brown.

Culture of Transnistria

Folk music and dance ensemble "Vatra"

Creative team of the city of Tiraspol. Vatra translated from Moldavian means “hearth”.
The ensemble was organized in 1995. The ensemble consists of more than 30 people, talented youth who love and understand the importance of preserving national culture native land. The repertoire includes dances and music of Moldavian, Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and other folklore.

Ensemble "Viorica"

Pridnestrovian State Dance and Folk Music Ensemble.
“Viorica” in Moldavian means the name of a forest flower, a charming violin and the name of a girl.
It was founded back in 1945 in Tiraspol by folk dance lovers. In 1993, “Viorica” was awarded the title of the state performing group of folk music and dance of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. The orchestra includes traditional Moldovan folk instruments: violin, accordion, dulcimer, double bass, trumpet, nai, fluer, kaval, ocarina. Among the musicians there are performers of rare virtuosity, endowed with an innate sense of national sound color and mastering the specific manner of playing characteristic of Moldavian lautars.

State Symphony Orchestra of Transnistria

One of the largest musical groups in Transnistria. The team consists of 65 musicians and technical workers. Gives up to 40 concerts annually. Holds joint concerts with world-class musicians.
Chief conductor - Grigory Moseyko.

Sights of Transnistria

Kamensky sanatorium "Dniester"

Climatobalneological resort and sanatorium complex on the left bank of the Dniester River in the city of Kamenka. The grandson of the famous commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 P.H. Wittgenstein, Prince Fyodor Lvovich Wittgenstein invited builders from Austria, who in 1890 erected a two-story kurhaus building (a room for recreation and cultural and entertainment events) almost in the center of the new park. Many sick people came to Kamenka for treatment during the swimming and especially the grape season. Kamensky resort was seasonal (summer and autumn). Grape therapy, fashionable at that time, was carried out in late August - November and was combined with treatment with kumis and kefir, as well as with electrotherapy.
During the First World War, a hospital for wounded soldiers was opened in the Kurhaus building. After the October Revolution, the Kamensk resort fell into disrepair. Now the sanatorium operates year-round, has a capacity of 450 beds, and accepts adults and children for treatment and recreation.

Memorial of Glory (Tiraspol)

The main historical and memorial complex of the city of Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. Opened in 1972
Participants are buried here Civil War, the Great Patriotic War, as well as participants in the defense of Transnistria from the aggression of the Republic of Moldova in 1992.

Monument to Suvorov (Tiraspol)

Equestrian monument to A.V. Suvorov in Tiraspol is considered one of the best monuments to the commander in the territory of the former USSR.
Installed in 1979. Sculptors: Vladimir and Valentin Artamonov, architects Y. Druzhinin and Y. Chistyakov.
Located on a slight hill on Suvorov Square - the main square of the Transnistrian capital.
A.V. Suvorov is considered the founder of Tiraspol, since it was on his instructions that the Sredinnaya fortress was founded in 1792 on the left bank of the Dniester as part of the organization of the Dniester line; the city of Tiraspol was founded at the Sredinnaya earthen fortress (since 1795).

Memorial to those killed during the Great Patriotic War in Rybnitsa

A 24-meter-high memorial was built in 1975 (designed by V. Mednek). Two paired reinforced concrete pylons are lined with white marble; at the foot, the names of the liberators of the city and region are carved on 12 granite slabs. In the prisoner of war camp, the Nazis destroyed 2,700 Soviet soldiers, in May-June 1943, about 3,000 Ukrainians from Rybnytsia were evicted near Ochakov, about 3,000 people died of typhus in the Jewish ghetto and 3,650 fell on the fronts - these are the losses of a small Transnistrian city in the Great Patriotic War war.

St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral (Rybnitsa)

The largest cathedral in Transnistria and Moldova. It took about 15 years to build and was opened on November 21, 2006. The bells are placed on the third tier, in the center there is a large “Blagovest” bell weighing 100 pounds, around it there are 10 more bells, the smallest of which weighs only 4 kg.

Nature reserve "Saharna"

The Saharna Nature Reserve is located on the right bank of the Dniester, includes a gorge 5 km long and 170 meters deep, many springs and a forest area dominated by oak, hornbeam, and acacia with an area of 670 hectares. The Saharna stream forms 22 waterfalls along its path, the largest of which falls from a height of four meters. The steep slopes are cut by ravines, and in the early morning the gorge is shrouded in fog and, as legend says, a person can disappear in it forever...
There is also a cave monastery of the 13th century. and the active monastery of the Holy Trinity. This monastery is one of the largest pilgrimage centers in Moldova. The relics of the saint, Venerable Macarius, are kept here.

On one of the rocks there is a mark left, according to legend, by the Mother of God. Legend says that a luminous image of the Mother of God appeared to the governor of the monastery, Bartholomew, on one of the rocks. Having reached this rock, the monks discovered a footprint in the stone, a sign that they perceived as a divine message and evidence of the “divine purity” of this place. Later, closer to the gorge, a new wooden church was erected and the Holy Trinity Monastery was founded (1777). Then, on the site of the wooden church, a stone church in the old Moldavian style, richly decorated with wall frescoes. Currently, the monastery is open to visitors every day.
There is also an important archaeological site with remains of the Iron Age and a Geto-Dacian fortress on a high promontory.

Assumption rock monastery in Tsypovo

Carved into a giant cliff, this is the most significant of the rock complexes, located 20 km south of Rybnitsa on the right bank of the Dniester. The middle part of the monastery was carved in the Middle Ages and had a system of protective passages; a narrow path over the abyss led to small cells, protecting the inhabitants from dashing strangers. The caves were cut down from trees growing nearby, and when the trees were cut down, entry into the caves was possible only by rope ladders, which were raised up in case of danger.
Founded in the 6th century. Here in the 15th century. Gospodar Stefan III the Great married his wife Maria Voykitsa.
Since 1776 there has been a period of prosperity and expansion of the monastery. At the beginning of the Soviet period, the monastery was closed, but already in 1974 the ruins were taken under state protection, and in 1994 church services were resumed here.
There is a legend that he lived in the rocks near Tsipov. last years mythological poet Orpheus.
Not far from the village there is a gorge of the Tsipova landscape reserve, where in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. there was an earthen fortress of the Getae. Its towers on the cape have survived to this day.

Bendery fortress

Architectural monument of the 16th century. The fortress was built according to the design of the Turkish architect Sinan, following the model of Western European bastion-type fortresses. Construction began in 1538 after the city became part of Ottoman Empire. It was surrounded by a high earthen rampart and a deep ditch, which was never filled with water. The fortress was divided into upper, lower parts and a citadel. The total area is about 20 hectares. The advantageous strategic position on the elevated bank of the Dniester near its confluence with the Black Sea made the city one of the strongholds in the Turkish struggle against Russia. The Bendery fortress was called “a strong castle on Ottoman lands.”
The fortress was reconstructed many times and was abolished in 1897.

In November 2012, the Museum of Medieval Torture Instruments was opened on the territory of the fortress. People were imprisoned in the tower for looting, robbery, theft, and there was the necessary set of shackles and handcuffs. More sophisticated tools of interrogation were added to them: the interrogation chair, the vigil or Judas cradle, the iron shoe, torture with a pear, a knee crusher, piercing goats, the “iron lady”.

Transfiguration Cathedral (Bendery)

Orthodox church of the Tiraspol and Dubossary diocese of the Moldavian Church (ROC). An architectural monument of the early 19th century.

Dubossary HPP

The hydroelectric power station was built in 1951-1954, as a result of which the Dubossary reservoir was formed. The purpose of the hydroelectric complex is complex: energy supply, irrigation, fishing and water supply.

Reserve "Yagorlyk"

State reserve located in Dubossary district in downstream Yagorlyk River, flooded as a result of the construction of the Dubossary hydroelectric power station. Founded in 1988 to preserve unique, endemic communities and plant species, protect ichthyofauna and other groups of biota of the Middle Dniester basin. In the Goyana Bay of the reserve, 180 species of zooplankton were identified, 29 species rare fish, 714 species of vascular plants, of which 49 species are rare and endangered, 23 species of mammals, of which 1 species (ermine) is endangered, 86 species of birds, of which 3 species are rare, 95 taxa of invertebrate animals, etc.

The whole world thinks that Transnistria is Moldova. Transnistria itself thinks that they are Russia. Russia thinks that Transnistria is an independent state, but at the same time it supplies gas there for free. In general, I went to Transnistria to figure it out myself. I'm telling you!

Brief history of the conflict:

It all started when, in 1988, 66 Moldovan writers demanded recognition state language not Russian, but Romanian and start writing it in Latin. This did not please the residents of Tiraspol, where 90% of the population was Russian-speaking. As a result, a confrontation began between greater Moldova, which wanted to join Romania, and Transnistria, which wanted to remain part of the Soviet Union.

Transnistria held a referendum, where 91% of the population voted for independence. As a result, after a couple of years of mutual skirmishes, armed clashes began. People started dying. The Transnistrians defended their cities from the Moldovans, who wanted to take control of them. The clashes intensified and then calmed down.

In 91, the USSR collapsed. They started shooting again. The 14th Russian Army remained on the territory of Transnistria, which helped the Pridnestrovians with ammunition.

In 1992, General Lebed came here, met with all parties to the conflict and said: “If I hear another shot, then I will have breakfast in Tiraspol, lunch in Chisinau, and dinner in Bucharest.” This ended the war. They believed the swan.

Now in Transnistria, signs are written in two languages, and the Moldovan language continues to be written in Cyrillic, although in Moldova itself they have long since switched to the Latin alphabet:

At all official languages in Transnistria there are three. Also Ukrainian. It’s a little more than 100 kilometers from Odessa:

The main events took place in the village of Dubossary and the city of Bendery:

In Bendery, some houses still have traces of bullets:

The distance between Bendery and Tiraspol is only 8 kilometers, but these are considered two different cities. Between them there is a post with Russian peacekeepers:

But enough history. Let me show you what modern Tiraspol looks like. Here is its main square and main building. In front of him is a monument to Lenin. By the way, here, as it seemed to me, there is the largest concentration of monuments to Lenin of all the cities that I have seen:

The streets are constantly cleared of snow, although it doesn’t happen here often:

Unlike, there is no madness and diversity on the facades of the houses. Everything is very calm and neat:

The main street is very wide. Few cars:

Coat of arms of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Doesn't remind you of anything?

The city of Tiraspol was founded by order of Suvorov, so he is a national hero here:

Main shopping mall countries:

They still sell tickets for Transaero here:

Do you want to know what life is like in the city? Look at private advertisements. They mainly offer cargo transportation to Moscow or Chisinau and various tourist trips. I didn’t find any advertisements for apartments for sale:

Cinema. Here comes the Viking and everyone spits at him in the same way. I haven't seen it myself yet. Is it really that bad?

Foreign companies do not operate in Transnistria, since they will have to pay taxes twice - once in Moldova, the second time in Transnistria. So all the business is domestic, and the brands are all local. The names sometimes coincide with Russian ones:

Almost all areas of business in Transnistria are dominated by the local company Sheriff. I still don’t understand who it belongs to. Someone said that it was the son of the first president, someone that it was just two clever young men, but this Sheriff is everywhere here:

Recently they even built a stadium in Tiraspol. They say that UEFA representatives named him the best stadium Europe. They also say that the entire construction cost less than a million dollars, which I believe with great difficulty. Like all the builders were local and all the building materials were also produced at Sheriff’s enterprises:

Park in the city center:

The rides are not working. Everything is covered with snow:

There is a monument to Kotovsky in the park - this is the second national hero of Transnistria after Suvorov. He either lived here, was born, or was hiding. The locals themselves are confused about the testimony:

Fun fact about Kotovsky: initially he had a saber in his left hand, but this saber is constantly stolen, so he usually stands unarmed:

Courtyards of Tiraspol:

For some reason they put barbed wire in the yards:

With pensions, everything is complicated. You can receive a Russian pension, or a local one. Russians do not pay bonuses for orders and medals, while Pridnestrovians pay, but the pension is lower. Therefore, each pensioner can decide for himself what pension to receive:

The average pension is a little more than 4 thousand rubles with our money:

And here residents pay for an elevator in the building. I asked everyone I met and no one had an elevator in their building. I have a suspicion that there is not a single building in Tiraspol with an elevator: