Administrative districts in Bavaria:

• Upper Bavaria
• Lower Bavaria
• Upper Palatinate
• Upper Franconia
• Middle Franconia
• Lower Franconia
• Swabia

Free cities:

• Amberg
• Ansbach
• Augsburg
• Aschaffenburg
• Bayreuth
• Bamberg
• Weiden
• Wurzburg
• Ingolstadt
• Kaufbeuren
• Kempten
• Coburg
• Landshut
• Memmingen
• Munich
• Nuremberg
• Passau
• Regensburg
• Rosenheim
• Schwabach
• Schweinfurt
• Straubing
• Erlangen

Heraldry

Flag of Bavaria(German: Staatsflagge Bayerns) is one of the symbols of the federal state of the Free State of Bavaria.
Officially, Bavaria has two flags, both adopted on November 16, 1953, both have a 3:5 aspect ratio, and both use the traditional earth colors of white and blue. There are no rules in which case this or that flag is used.
The first option (“striped flag”) uses a panel with side dimensions of 3 to 5, the upper half is white, the lower half is blue.
The second option (“diamond flag”) uses alternating white and blue diamonds (“diamonds”). In this case, the number of diamonds should not be less than 21, and the cut of the diamond in the upper right corner should be white.
The representation of the Bavarian coat of arms on the flag is not legal, but is sometimes used.

Coat of arms of Bavaria(German: Bayerisches Staatswappen) is one of the symbols of the federal state of the Free State of Bavaria.
The coat of arms is a crowned shield with a field covered with white and blue diamonds. The symbolism of the coat of arms, which first belonged to the counts von Bogen, who lived near Regensburg until 1242. When the clan ceased to exist, their possessions and coat of arms were taken over by the Wittelsbach clan, which was related to them, and a little later the coat of arms became the symbol of all of Bavaria. This coat of arms is also the core of the large state coat of arms. The other four parts of the large coat of arms depict the coats of arms of other large Bavarian territories: the Palatinate (golden lion), Franconia (Franconian rake), Lower Bavaria (blue panther) and Swabia (three black lions).
The coat of arms was approved on June 5, 1950.

Bayern Bayern

Capital: Munich

Population: 12,044,000 people

Population density: 171 people per 1 sq. km.

Land area: 70,550.87 sq. km.

Important cities: Munich, Augsburg, Würzburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Ingolstadt, Erlangen

Important rivers and canals: Main, Donau, Lech, Isar, Inn.

Bavaria is the largest federal state in Germany by area. After North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest part (14.6%) of the German population lives here. The Bavarian population originally comes from three national groups: Franks, Swabs and Bavarians. 70% of Bavarians are Catholics.

Bavaria occupies the entire southeastern part of Germany. It is bordered to the west by Baden-Württemberg, to the northwest by Hesse, to the north by Thuringia and a small part of Saxony, to the east by the Czech Republic and to the south by Austria.

In the east, Bavaria includes part of the Frankenwald forest, the Fichtelgebirge mountains, and parts of the Oberpfalzer and Buemerwald forests. In the south, Bavaria includes the Alps, in the west the Swabian state of Stufenland and in the north the Spessart and Rhön.

In Bavaria there are three parts of the great German landscapes: the German part of the northern Kalkalpen and the foothills of the Alps with its attractive lakes, the "Schottische Ebene" with a land of lovely hills stretching to the river. Donau and the German middle mountains with varied landscapes.

Agriculture is carried out mainly in the north of the Alpine foothills.

Good (Franconian) wine is also made in the “beer land” of Bavaria. Oktoberfest, Neuschwanstein Castle and the lush scenery of the Alps attract more foreign tourists here than to any other land. However, the slogan “Laptop and leather pants” testifies: Bavaria is something more than just living traditions. Its economy (which is stronger than Sweden's) is famous for such global brands as BMW, Audi, Siemens, MAN and EADS (Airbus). The Bavarian capital, Munich, has more publishing houses than any other German city. But Germany's largest federal state also shines outside the metropolis. The Wagner Music Festival in Bayreuth is completely sold out every year.

The most important industrial sites of Bavaria are located, as in the rest of Germany, in large cities such as Munich, Erlangen, Nuremberg, Augsburg and Aschafensburg. Industry in these regions: mechanical engineering, electrical and paper industries. The so-called chemical triangle is located near the rivers Inn, Als and Salzach. The oil processing center is located in Ingolstadt.

Attractions

Bavaria is the largest and most visited state in Germany. Thanks to its cultural diversity, rich historical past and distinctive geographical location, Bavaria is rightfully considered one of the best tourist areas not only in Germany, but throughout Europe. This area is famous for the diversity of its nature - it is here that the famous Bavarian Alps stretch, there are many picturesque lakes (Chiemsee, Starnbergersee, Ammersee and the western part of Lake Constance), extensive alpine pastures, forests and many rivers. This is where the unique Bavarian Forest national park is located.

Munich, The third largest city in Germany, located near the Alps on the banks of the Isar River. The center of the city is the Marienplatz square with the buildings of the new (19th century) and old (1470, today the Toy Museum is located here) Town Hall. In the vicinity of Marienplatz there are such famous city monuments as the Peterskirche Church (XI century), the picturesque natural ensemble of the English Garden, a pedestrian zone and the main shopping street of the city - Neuhauser Strasse, Tal Street, Justice Square and the old Botanical Garden. The main cathedral of the city and its symbol is the Frauenkirche (Liebfrauenkirche). To the south of the Royal Residence complex (XVI-XIX centuries) is the Bavarian National Theater (Bavarian National Opera, 1811-1818) and the first South German baroque church - Theatinerkirche. Another attraction is the most famous and oldest Munich beer hall - the Hofbräuhaus (XII century), located in the very heart of the city, in the town of Platzl. It was here that the Beer Hall Putsch took place in 1923, which marked the beginning of Hitler's political career.

Every autumn (late September - early October) the Theresienwiese meadow hosts the largest annual festival in the world - the Oktoberfest Beer Festival, which has been going on for almost two hundred years, for which they even brew a special kind of beer - "Wiesn".

The city is famous for its world-class art galleries - the Alte and New Pinakotheks are located here - some of the best art galleries in Europe, the Bavarian National Museum, the Munich City Museum, state mineralogical and numismatic collections, the German Theater Museum and the Lenbach State Gallery. You should definitely visit the unique BMW Museum.
Nuremberg, the second largest city in Bavaria, is located in a region rich in forests near the river. Pegnitz. Most beautiful view on Old city opens from the Fürster Gate - the ring of walls of the Stadtmauer (XIV-XV centuries) with many gates and towers, the “old town” side of Lorenz and the castle. The entrance to the old city is marked by the "Royal Gate" ("Königstor") with a huge observation tower, from which the oldest street of the city extends - Königstraße, on which lies the Church of St. Martha, the German National Museum (the largest museum of art, culture and history of all German countries, founded in 1852) and the Church of St. Lorenz - the largest church in Nuremberg (XIII-XV centuries). Not far from the Museumbröschke bridge is the Hauptmarkt square, with the 17-meter high sculpture of Schöne Brunnen, the Freuenkirche church (1352-1361) and the famous Maenleinlaufen clock (1509), the Town Hall (1616-1622) and the Church of St. Sebaldus (1225-1273). Be sure to visit the Nuremberg Toy Museum with toys from all eras and different cultures, Nuremberg Castle and the house museum of Albrecht Dürer, where he lived from 1509 until the last day of his life (1528).

You should definitely visit the famous Bavarian palace and park ensembles located in the most picturesque corners of the region. The most famous of them are the former summer residence of the Bavarian kings - Nymphenburg Castle, the "fairytale" Neuschwanstein castle near the Austrian border, stylized as medieval fortress Hohenschwangau Castle, Linderhof Castle-Palace (1869-1879) with an amazing park, the Moorish Pavilion and the Temple of Venus, as well as Herrenchiemsee.

Short story

Background of the state

Bavaria belongs to the oldest states in Europe.

The beginning was made in the 500s AD, when Roman rule was destroyed under the onslaught of the Germans. According to one widespread theory, the Bavarian tribe was formed from the Romans who remained here, the ancient Celts (Gauls) and the Germans who came.

Tribal duchy

In the region of the northern foothills of the Alps, in the second half of the 6th century, a powerful tribal duchy was formed, the rulers of which were dukes from the Agilolfing family, and later, in the 10th century, the Welfs.

In 1158, Duke Henry the Lion founded a new settlement on the banks of the Isar River - present-day Munich. Until the middle of the 13th century, the functions of the main city were performed by Regensburg.

Wittelsbach

After the fall of Henry the Lion in 1180, Kaiser (Holy Roman Emperor) Frederick I Barbarossa gave the Duchy of Bavaria without the territory of the East March to the Bavarian Count Palatine Otto von Wittelsbach.

In 1214 they received Wittelsbach and the Palatinate, which since then has remained associated with the fate of Bavaria for seven hundred years.

The following centuries of Bavarian history were marked by the efforts of the Dukes of Wittelsbach to consolidate their rule. Development reached its climax under the reign of the German king and Kaiser Louis IV of Bavaria (1302-1347), who annexed the Brandenburg mark, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut to his territories. Until the twentieth century, Bavaria remained agrarian-oriented, despite the large number of cities, including those with market trade rights. Along with the bishoprics of Salzburg, Passau and Regensburg, monasteries such as Tegernsee, Niederalteich and St. Emmeram were also centers of spirituality and culture located outside the cities. In the XIV and XV centuries. The Duchy of Wittelsbach, weakened by civil strife due to hereditary claims, breaks up into appanages. And only after the introduction of the right to transfer inheritance by primogeniture by Albrecht IV the Wise (1467-1508) were long-term prerequisites laid for strengthening the Avar duchy, which was again united under his rule.

In Franconia and Swabia, on the contrary, after the suppression of the ducal and royal families of the Saliers and Staufens in the 12th and 13th centuries. many secular and ecclesiastical properties were annexed. Residences such as Bamberg, Würzburg, Ansbach, Bayreuth, as well as the imperial cities of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Schweinfurt, Rothenburg and Nördlingen became spiritual, cultural and economic centers of European importance.

Although the Reformation became widespread in large parts of the Swabian and Franconian territories and in the imperial cities, the Old Bavarians remained loyal to the Roman Catholic Church. Under the reign of Albrecht V (1550-1579) and William the Pious (1579-1597), a stronghold of the Counter-Reformation was formed in Bavaria. Luther's famous opponent, Johannes Eck, was active at the Bavarian University, founded in Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig the Rich. The capital city of Munich experienced its first prosperity under Albrecht V, becoming a center of science and culture.

The hard times of the Thirty Years' War brought ruin to Franconia, Swabia and Bavaria and the Electorate (1623). The first Bavarian elector, Maximilian I (1597-1651), expanded the territory of Bavaria by annexing the Upper Palatinate. One of his successors, the “Blue Elector” Max Emanuel (1662-1726), patronized the spread of the Baroque style in art and culture. He showed himself valiantly in the wars with the Turks and made great plans, which, however, were not destined to come true during the time of Emperor Karl Albrecht (1742-1745).

Until Max III Joseph (1745-1777), the last Elector in the line of the Bavarian Wittelsbachs, the period of cultural flourishing of Bavaria lasted.

New constitutions stimulate development

Elector Max IV Joseph, whose ancestry was traced back to the Palatinate and Zweibrücken Wittelsbachs, came to power in a situation that required solving complex state problems: there was nothing to expect from the empire itself, Prussia preferred a position of non-intervention, and Austria did not abandon its claims to the Bavarian territories. The Elector was forced to place his country under Napoleon's protectorate.

According to a decision made in 1803 by the states of the “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”, Bavaria received compensation for the seized territories in the Rhine region. The bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg, Freising, Augsburg, partially Eichstätt and Passau, 12 monasteries and 15 imperial cities went to it.

On January 1, 1806, Max IV Joseph, crowned Max I, joined the Confederation of the Rhine. His minister Montgelas developed the foundations of a rigid state system. The Constitution of 1808 for the first time defined the equality of all before the law, the protection of person and property, freedom of conscience and the independence of judges. The constitutional provisions of 1818 served as the basis for the democratic-parliamentary system in Bavaria. The newly created Bavarian parliament (Landtag) henceforth consisted of two chambers: the Chamber of Members of the State Council and the Chamber of Deputies. Endowed with the power to make decisions on tax matters, he soon began to play a decisive role in politics and legislation.

Between reforms and revolution

During the wars of liberation, Bavaria went over to the side of Napoleon's opponents. Although she had to give up previously occupied Austrian territories, by the decrees of the Congress of Vienna (1815-1816) Würzburg, Aschaffenburg and the Palatinate on the left side of the Rhine were finally assigned to her as compensation. In German Customs Union Bavaria joined in 1883.

During the reign of Ludwig I (1825-1848), the Bavarian capital of Munich became the cultural center of Germany, where poets, artists, architects and naturalists were attracted from all over the country. In addition, the king actively promoted the development of trade and industry. During his reign, the construction of a railway network took place, the first section of which was laid in 1835 between the cities of Nuremberg and Fürth. The “March Demands” implemented by the 1848 revolution (including ministerial accountability, freedom of the press, electoral reform) led to significant restrictions on royal power, which prompted Ludwig I to abdicate in favor of his son Max. Maximilian II (1848 - 1864) continued the work of his philanthropist father, and also led the implementation of socio-political reforms and was a great patron of science.

Wars, art and kings

Under the leadership of King Ludwig II (1864-1886), Bavaria took part in the wars against Prussia and France. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, she sided with Austria, and in 1870-1871. on the side of Prussia against France. After the end of the German-French War, Bavaria became part of the newly created German Empire. Ludwig II, still known throughout the world as the “Fairytale King,” increasingly retreated from politics, devoting himself to building his castles and the intoxicating world of Richard Wagner’s music. In 1886 he died in the waters of Lake Starnberg.

His uncle Prince Regent Luitpold (1886-1912) and his son King Ludwig III (1912-1918) were the last of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which ruled Bavaria for 738 years.

New times of Bavaria

The Provisional National Council, operating after the First World War, elected Kurt Eisner, a member of the Independent Social Democratic Party, as prime minister, who declared Bavaria a republic on November 8, 1918. His assassination sparked a wave of violence. On April 6, 1919, the “Bavarian Soviet Republic” was proclaimed, led by communists. It was defeated by troops consisting mainly of volunteers. The Landtag, elected on January 12, 1919, took refuge in Bamberg during the unrest, and adopted the Constitution there on August 12, 1919.

Right-wing extremist forces fought against the new republican order from the very beginning. Despite the fact that Hitler’s attempt to carry out a political revolution by organizing the “March to Feldgernhalle” on November 9, 1923, was suppressed by the Bavarian police, and he himself was arrested, the rather lenient sentence given to him did not weaken fascism. After the seizure of power in 1933, Bavaria, like other states, was “unified” and deprived of its own statehood.

The terror of National Socialism began to reign in Bavaria. Already in 1933, the first concentration camp was created in Dachau. Political opponents were mercilessly persecuted. For centuries, the Jewish population living in Bavarian towns and villages was expelled, forcibly removed and destroyed. Roma and other national minorities also became victims of tyranny.

However, even during this dark time in German history, a resistance movement was organized in Bavaria. One striking example is the White Rose group, which included students Hans and Sophia Scholl, Christoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell and Professor Kurt Huber. During World War II, the Bavarian cities of Munich, Nuremberg, Würzburg and others were heavily bombed. After the war, Bavaria was part of the American occupation zone. The rapid recovery of cities was accompanied by a revival of the democratic system. On December 1, 1946, the Constitution of the Free State of Bavaria was adopted by an overwhelming majority of the Bavarian population.

However, the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany was initially rejected by the Bavarian Landtag due to insufficiently expressed federalism. At the same time, it was decided to join if the majority of West German states accepted the Basic Law. Since 1949, the Free State of Bavaria has been part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Fertile in the lowlands and rich in brown coal deposits; here begins the region of the Saar coal basin, which is temporarily occupied by the French (according to the Treaty of Versailles); in the east lies the main massif of Belgium (91% of the area), divided by the flow of the Danube into the southern, higher, and northern plateaus. The first passes to the south into the Alpine mountains. Here are the best pastures. North of the Danube and along the river. Myna is dominated by cereal crops and beech forests. There are vineyards.

Agriculture

Bavaria is a predominantly agricultural country; in 1925, 51.7% of the population lived in settlements with up to 2,000 inhabitants. Peasant (95%) and mostly medium-sized farms (5-20 hectares) predominate. The total sown area is 1925-3.949 tons ha. Productivity is lower than in Germany: the yield of rye per hectare is 11.2 tons, wheat - 12.7 tons, barley - 14.6 tons. Belgium does not have enough of its own bread. Bavarian cattle breeding is famous. In 1926 there were 3,566.6 tons of cattle, 2,106.8 tons of pigs (less than pre-war), 422 tons of goats, 407 tons of sheep, 414,700 slaves. horses.

Industry

The industry of Bavaria is small: workers - 36.7% of the amateur population (in Germany on average 45%). With the exception of brewing, winemaking and the production of pencils and toys (in Nuremberg), the industry is of a craft nature. Big cities few, and those are mainly trading. B. has a number of convenient communication routes: pp. Rhine, Main and Danube, which in the present day. time are connected by a system of channels; network D. connects B. with Switzerland, Dunaisk. countries and internal region Germany (total 8,614 km, or 113 km per 1,000 km 2).

M. Elskaya.

Story

Bavaria in the early Middle Ages was a duchy of the Germans - the Bavarians, and later - part of the monarchy of Charlemagne (see) and the Holy Roman Empire (see). In the 15th and 16th centuries, thanks to trade with Italy, the cities of Bavaria became centers of the largest firms in Europe - the Fuggers and Welsers. An ally of Napoleon I, B. turns him into a kingdom. In the Austro-Prussian War (see), B. acts as an ally of Austria. Defeated by the Prussians, Bavaria entered the German Empire, gaining greater independence compared to other allied states of Germany, preserving its royal dynasty, Landtag, government and many local peculiarities, which failed to erase the Prussian centralism. politics.

S. Fryazinov.

M. Levin.

Bayern (TSB)

Bavaria (Bayern), land (administrative unit) in Germany, in the Danube basin. Area 70.6 thousand. km 2. Population 10.2 million people. (). The administrative center is Munich, large cities (over 100 thousand inhabitants): Nuremberg, Augsburg, Regensburg. By the nature of the surface, Bavaria is the highest region of the country, including northern slopes Alps (highest point - Zugspitze, 2963 m, in the Bavarian Alps), the eastern part of the Swabian-Bavarian Plateau (400-1000 m), Franconian Alb (Popberg, 657 m), western part of the Bohemian Forest and Šumava, Bavarian Forest. The average July temperature in Munich is 17°C, precipitation 935 mm in year. A dense network of rivers (the Danube and its tributaries) and lakes. About 2/3 of the territory is covered with spruce-beech and spruce-fir forests; significant areas of mountain meadows.

Bavaria is an industrial-agrarian region. 45.7% of the economically active population is employed in industry and crafts, 17.2% in agriculture and forestry, 15.9% in trade and transport, and 21.2% in non-productive spheres (1966). Approximately 1/2 of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants. In Gundremmingen (near Günzburg) the first industrial nuclear power plant in Germany is located (237 thousand). kW). In the post-war period, oil refining (in Ingolstadt, Neustadt) and petrochemicals were created (oil is supplied through pipelines from the ports of Marseille, Genoa, Trieste). B. produces 1/3 of aluminum production in Germany (Tögging). The leading industry is mechanical engineering (1/3 of those employed in industry): electrical engineering, concentrating St. 1/5 employed in industry (centers: Munich, Nuremberg, Erlangen), general mechanical engineering (Augsburg, Aschaffenburg), incl. production of ball bearings (Schweinfurt), transport engineering, including automobile manufacturing (Munich, Augsburg, Ingolstadt) and aircraft manufacturing (Augsburg); precision mechanics (Nuremberg). The textile (Hofig, Augsburg) and clothing industries, as well as the glass and ceramics, food (cheese, brewing, dairy, sugar) industries are important.

Munich. View of the central part of the city.

Dairy farming is developed in Bavaria, especially on mountain pastures (in 1966 there were 4.2 million heads of cattle, including 2 million dairy cows; 3.6 million pigs), and grain farming (1.5 million). T wheat in 1966, 1 million T barley); sugar beet crops (harvest 2.3 million) T) and hops (in the Danube valley and north-west), oats, rye; potatoes (6.1 million T). Viticulture in the Main Valley. On capitalist type farms (with plots over 10 ha) and about 70% of land and forest lands are concentrated in landowners' holdings.

Railways b. including electrified. Dense network of roads. Navigation on the Danube and Main. The Bavarian Alps are a tourism region. There are 3 universities in Belgium (Erlangen - Nuremberg, Munich, Würzburg).

A. I. Mukhin.

Historical reference

Bavaria. Territorial changes.

The name "Bavaria" comes from a Germanic tribe bavarov, settled in the middle of the 6th century. most of the territory of modern Byelorussia and the territory to the south and east of it and formed their duchy here (dukes from the Agilolfing family), which was dependent on the Franks. In 788 (under Duke Thassilon III) the Duchy of Bavaria was destroyed, its territory was included in the Frankish state; at the beginning of the 10th century it was again revived as one of the tribal duchies of the German kingdom. In 1070-1180 they ruled in Byelorussia Welfs, from 1180 - Wittelsbach. At the end of the 10th-13th centuries. The territory of the Bavarian Duchy was reduced (Carinthia, the Bavarian East Mark, Tyrol, and Salzburg were separated from it), and it itself fell apart into appanages. Having reunited under the rule of Duke Albrecht IV (1467-1508), Belgium in the 16th and 17th centuries. became one of the most powerful territorial principalities in Germany. In the 16th-17th centuries. B. is one of the strongholds of Catholic reaction. Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (1597-1651) led the Catholic League of 1609 and took an active part in the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48, as a result of which Bavaria acquired Verkh. Palatinate (1628) and became an electorate (1623, approved by the Peace of Westphalia 1648). In the 17th century In B., princely absolutism developed. On the side of France, B. participated in the wars of the Spanish Succession (-14) and the Austrian Succession (-48). In 1777, the line of the Bavarian Wittelsbachs was stopped, and B. passed (finally, after the War of the Bavarian Succession) to the line of the Wittelsbachs who ruled in the Palatinate.

At the end of the 18th century. B. took part in the wars against France. In 1801-13 she acted on the side of Napoleon. In 1806, Belgium became a kingdom and joined the Confederation of the Rhine. During the so-called period During the Napoleonic Wars, Belgium expanded significantly in the north-west. due to the secularization of church lands (Bishopric of Bamberg, etc.) and the annexation of a number of secular possessions (the Principality of Ansbach, etc.) and free imperial cities (Nuremberg, Ulm, etc.). In 1813, Belgium went over to the side of the anti-French coalition. At the beginning of the 19th century. In Germany, as in other German states, capitalist relations began to take shape. In 1832, representatives of opposition bourgeois circles organized demonstrations (the so-called Hambach Festival) under the slogan of creating a republican constitutional system and the unification of Germany. As a result of the March Revolution in Bavaria, some peasant duties were abolished. In the 50-60s. In the 19th century, during the period of intensification of the Austro-Prussian struggle for dominance in Germany, the ruling circles of Germany put forward the idea of ​​a triad - the formation, along with Austria and Prussia, of a union of medium and small German states led by Germany. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Germany came out on the side of Austria, but entered into a secret defensive alliance with Prussia. In 1871, Germany became part of the German Empire. Continued to be a stronghold of separatism and clericalism. In the 2nd half of the 60s. large secular and spiritual landowners and grossbauers (kulaks) united in the so-called. Patriotic Party, which in the late 80s. became an integral part of the all-German Center Party. The unification of Germany accelerated the development of capitalism in Belgium as well, but Brazil lagged significantly behind the western and central regions of Germany in industrial development.

As a result of the November Revolution in Germany, a republican government was formed in Belgium; The Social Democrats and “independent Social Democrats” who entered the government pursued a policy of cooperation with the bourgeoisie. In April, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, led by communists, but it was defeated by the German government. According to the Weimar Constitution of 1919, Germany became part of the German Republic as one of the states. In the same year, the National Socialist (Fascist) Party was born in Bulgaria, and later Bulgaria became one of the main centers of fascism. This was facilitated by the comparative weakness of the working class, which in Bulgaria at that time made up only 7% of the population, and the presence of a large number of kulak farms. In 1924-33, the Bavarian People's Party, which was close to the all-German Center Party, was in power in Germany. During the period of the fascist dictatorship (-), Belgium was the traditional center of fascism; the headquarters of the fascist party - the so-called - was located in Munich. Brown House, congresses of this party were held in Nuremberg.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Brazil was included in the American zone of occupation. Since 1949, Bavaria has been part of the Federal Republic of Germany as one of the states. B. is one of the centers of political clericalism and neo-Nazism in Germany. The ruling party is the Christian Social Union (founded in 1945). This party in Germany is in alliance with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) - CDU/CSU, in

Links

• www.bayern.de - official website (German)

Bavaria is the largest of the sixteen states of Germany, located in the very center of Europe. From here you can reach Vienna, Paris, Brussels, Prague, Rome or Zurich in a few hours. On an area of ​​70,554 sq. km are home to about 12 million people. And the length of the Bavarian border is comparable to the air distance between Moscow and Munich. In the west and north-west Bavaria borders federal states Baden-Württemberg and Hesse, in the north - with Thuringia and Saxony, in the east - with the Czech Republic, in the south - with Austria. The capital of Bavaria is Munich. Largest cities (more than 100,000 inhabitants): Nuremberg, Augsburg, Wurzburg, Regensburg, Ingolstadt, etc.

Nature

Bavaria is distinguished by great natural diversity. The Bavarian Alps - this is where the most high point Germany peak Zugsspitze (Zugsspitze) - 2964 m.

The Alpine foothills extend from the Alps to the western part of Lake Constance. The main decoration of this part of Bavaria is the most picturesque lakes: Chiemsee (Himsee) - 80.1 sq. km, Starnbergersee - 57.2 sq. km, Ammersee - 47.6 sq. km, etc. The abundance of water bodies makes this area ideal place for tourism and various sports. Eastern Bavaria - mountains of medium size, covered with forests, stretch from Regensburg and Passau to the border with the Czech Republic. This is where the unique Bavarian Forest national park is located.

The largest rivers in Bavaria: Danube (Donau) - 387 km, Main (Main) - 411 km, Isar (Isar) - 263 km and Inn (218 km).

In Bavaria there are two national parks, and the total forest area is 33.8% of the total land area of ​​Bavaria.

The Bavarian climate is also very diverse. The northwestern region has the most favorable climate. The closer to the southeast, the greater the temperature fluctuations. As a rule, Bavaria has fairly hot summers and mild European winters, which, however, does not exclude frosty days.

Population

The population of Bavaria is 12 million people. Initially, three tribes lived in this territory - the ancient Bavarians, Franks and Swabians, each of which had its own language, customs and mentality. It is from these tribes that most of the inhabitants of modern Bavaria come, not counting the 2 million people (mostly Sudeten Germans) who settled here after 1945.

The majority of Bavarians are Catholics (69%), Protestants make up 25% of the total population.

There is a local dialect German language, significantly different in many ways from classical German (Hochdeutsch). However, most Bavarians, with the exception of some rural residents, speak classical German.

Story

Bavaria is one of the oldest states in Europe. According to the most common theory, the Bavarian tribes were formed in the 6th century AD. from the Romans who remained on these lands, representatives of the Celtic tribes and the Germans who moved here. Already in the 10th century, the Bavarian tribal state had considerable power, and in 1158, Duke Henry the Lion founded a new settlement on the banks of the Isar River - today's Munich.

However, until the 13th century, the capital of the Bavarian state was the ancient Regensburg, founded by the Romans. In 1180, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa transferred the Bavarian territories to Count Otto von Wittelsbach - several centuries of Bavarian history will be associated with this dynasty.

Residences such as Bamberg, Würzburg, Ansbach, Bayreuth, as well as the large imperial cities of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Rothenburg, etc., gradually turned into pan-European spiritual, cultural and economic centers. However, despite a large number of cities, Bavaria remained generally an agricultural country.

All-German reform movement ser. The 16th century practically did not affect Bavaria: the Roman Catholic Church continued to dominate here. And at the state university founded in 1472 in Ingolstadt, one of the main opponents of Martin Luther, Johannes Eck, worked.

During the Thirty Years' War, Bavaria suffered heavy losses, but the first Bavarian Elector Maximilian I (1607-1651) managed to make up for the losses by annexing the Upper Palatinate to Bavaria. One of Maximilian's heirs, the Blue Elector Max Emmanuel (1662-1726), contributed in every possible way to the penetration of the Baroque into Bavarian art and culture, and in subsequent years (until the reign of the last Elector from the ancient Bavarian Wittelsbach line) Bavaria experienced a great cultural upsurge.

Elector Max Joseph IV (1799-1825), threatened by the seizure of the Bavarian territories by Austria, on the one hand, and the lack of support from the Empire, on the other, decided to come under the protection of Napoleon. In 1806, Max IV accepted the royal title and joined the Confederation of the Rhine formed by Napoleon. The Constitution of 1808 for the first time established equality of all before the law, protection of person and property, freedom of conscience and independence of the judiciary. And in 1833, Bavaria joined the German Customs Union.

During the reign of King Ludwig I (1825-1848), Munich became one of the largest cultural centers in Germany - poets, artists, architects, and scientists flocked here.

During the reign of the most famous Bavarian king, Ludwig II (1864-1886), Bavaria fought against Prussia (on the side of Austria, 1866) and France (on the side of Prussia, 1870-71). In 1871, Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire.

However, the “fairytale” king, Ludwig II, became famous not so much for his political actions as for his passion for the architecture and music of the great Richard Wagner, who lived for many years at the king’s court. Stunning castles and palaces, the fruits of the fantasy of a “fairy-tale” king, have become a reality: one of them, the famous Neuschwanstein, has become a symbol of Bavaria. In 1886, Ludwig II died under unclear circumstances: his body could not be found in Lake Starnberg, where he allegedly drowned.

After the First World War and the November Revolution, Bavaria became a free state, but in April 1919 the so-called Soviet Republic was proclaimed here, the century of which, however, turned out to be very short-lived.

In November 1923, the “Beer Hall Putsch” took place in the oldest Munich beer hall, the Hofbräuhaus, one of the most active participants of which was Adolf Hitler, unknown to anyone at that time (by the way, despite his Austrian origin, Hitler considered Bavaria his true homeland). Hitler's speech at the trial of the putschists became one of the starting points in his political career. And during several months of imprisonment in the Landsberg fortress (near Munich), Hitler wrote his famous work Mein Kampf, which later became the basis of Nazi ideology.

In 1933, after the NSDAP came to power, Bavaria became part of the Third Reich. Already in 1933, the first concentration camp for opponents of the Nazi regime was built in the small town of Dachau, near Munich.

During World War II, the majority German cities, including Munich, Nuremberg and Würzburg, were heavily damaged by bombing. After the end of World War II, by decision of the Allies, Bavaria became an American occupation zone.

Since 1949, Bavaria has been a state of the Federal Republic of Germany, and in 1990 Bavaria became one of the 16 federal states of the united Germany.

Tourism

As a rule, the mention of Bavaria evokes very specific associations: alpine pastures, national leather breeches, the “fairytale” King Ludwig II, the famous Neuschwanstein Castle and, of course, the Munich beer festival “Oktoberfest” and the legendary football team. All this, of course, is true, but few people know that Bavaria, among other things, is favorite place rest of the Germans themselves. This is not surprising: Bavaria is truly ideal for tourism, at any time of the year. Thanks to its cultural diversity, rich historical past and unique geographical location, Bavaria is rightfully considered one of the best tourist areas not only in Germany, but throughout Europe. It is an equally attractive destination for sightseeing enthusiasts and avid sportsmen, especially skiers.

The Bavarians themselves are incredibly proud of their country, and this is easy to see: it is here that you can easily see people walking down the street in authentic national costumes - for many of them this is their usual everyday clothing.

Munich

The old proverb about the capital of Bavaria, Munich, “Barock und Brauche, Bier und Bauche” (“Baroque and customs, beer and bellies”) has not lost its meaning even today. However, these short characteristics still do not exhaust the diversity of this city, which is both typically German and at the same time unlike anything else.

Munich was once called the secret capital of Germany. It is the third largest city in Germany and undoubtedly one of the main centers of German cultural life.

The peak of the city's cultural development occurred during the reign of the most famous Bavarian king Ludwig II (1825-1848), at whose whim several stunning castles and palaces grew up in the vicinity of Munich, and the most famous of them - Neuschwanstein Castle - became one of the main architectural attractions of the city. only Germany, but throughout Europe. The great German composer Richard Wagner lived at the court of King Ludwig II for many years.

The peak of tourist pilgrimage to Munich occurs in the second half of September and the beginning of October - it is at this time that the world famous Oktoberfest beer festival takes place in Munich. Oktoberfest first took place in 1810 and was timed to coincide with the wedding of King Ludwig I and Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen. Since then, this holiday has become one of the main symbols of Bavaria, and its venue - Teresienwiese Square - bears the name of Princess Theresa. However, those who are planning to visit Munich should remember that during Oktoberfest the city's population increases several times and sightseeing or shopping becomes very difficult. Well, you can enjoy famous Bavarian beers such as Augustinerbrau, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbrau, Lowenbrau, Paulaner, Spaten, etc. at any time of the year, in any corner of Munich, day or night.

What to see in Munich:

Marienplatz - the central square of the city, along with Peterskirche, Tal Street and Jakobskirche, belongs to the oldest part of Munich.

The New Town Hall (Neue Rathaus) is located on Marienplatz. Despite the fact that the New Town Hall was built in the 60s of the 19th century, the building is entirely in the Gothic style.

The Old Town Hall (Alte Rathaus) is located next to the New Town Hall, built in 1470.

Frauenkirche (Liebfrauenkirche) - main cathedral city, the two octagonal towers of the cathedral are the symbol of Munich.

The Teatinerkirche St. Kajetan - located on Odeonsplatz, opposite the Royal Residence (Residenz) - is the first South German church built in the Baroque style.

The Hofbrauhaus is located in the heart of Munich, in the town of Platzl. The most famous Munich beer hall. It was here that the so-called “Beer Hall Putsch” took place in 1923, which marked the beginning of the political career of Adolf Hitler.

The English Garden (Englischen Garten) is a picturesque natural ensemble in the very center of Munich.

The Old Pinakothek (Alte Pinakothek) is one of the main art galleries in Europe.

Nymphenburg Castle (Schloss Nymphenburg) is the former summer residence of the Bavarian kings, a palace and park ensemble in the Baroque style.

BMW Museum - presented in an unusual museum room unusual story concern from aircraft engines to the latest models, from old motorcycles to racing cars.

The second largest city in Bavaria, Nuremberg, was one of the main cities of Germany in the Middle Ages.

What to see in Nuremberg:

Fortress (Burg) - ancient princely residence, located high above the city.

German National Museum(Germanische Nationalmuseum) - founded in 1852, the largest historical and artistic collection in Germany.

Frauenkirche on Hauptmarkt Square (Frauenkirche am Hauptmarkt) - built in 1352-1361 according to the model of Bohemian churches.

St. Lorenz is the main evangelical church of the city, built between 1260 and 1370, Gothic.

Albrecht Durer's House (Albrecht-Durer-Haus) - Durer lived in this house from 1509 to 1528. House of the 15th century made in half-timbered style.

Among other Bavarian cities, it is worth highlighting the ancient Regensburg - the first capital of Bavaria and the ancient Augsburg - in the Middle Ages - the crossing point of all European trade routes.

And, of course, it is especially worth mentioning the famous palace and park ensembles, the former residences of the Bavarian kings, located in the most picturesque corners of Bavaria. The most famous of them - Neuschwanstein, Linderhof, Herrenchimsee - were built at the behest of the famous “fairytale” king Ludwig II of Bavaria.

There is another famous residence in Bavaria that belonged not to the king, but to the Fuhrer: it was here, at the southernmost point of Germany, in the resort town of Berchtesgaden, that the South German residence of Adolf Hitler was located, located under the very clouds - on one of the Alpine peaks.

Kitchen

Bavaria is famous throughout the world for its hospitality and cordiality: such huge portions, perhaps, are not found anywhere else. In general, Bavarian cuisine is quite simple. The most famous dish- fried pork with sauerkraut. Well, the famous Munich white sausages (Weisswursteln) and delicious salted pretzels (Bratze) have become the gastronomic symbols of Bavaria.

However, it is worth noting that the real picture of the gastronomic preferences of the Bavarians is quite far from the accepted patterns. This may seem strange, but the fact remains: of all German cities, residents of the beer capital consume the most wine per capita, as well as grappa, which indicates the special passion of the Bavarians for Italy. As the Germans themselves say, every Munich resident has his own little Italian restaurant on the corner. So Italian Cuisine represented in Bavaria in all its diversity.

In this article you will learn:

Bavaria is located in the southeastern part of Germany and is considered one of the largest states in the country. Its capital is Munich. The main population is represented by Germans, Bavarians, Swabians and Franconians. Most of the residents are Catholics. Bavaria is a separate land, and the Bavarians themselves consider themselves residents of a free state

History of origin

Even before the advent of our era, the territory in which modern Bavaria is located was inhabited by the Celts. After the Roman legions left it in the fifth century, it began to be filled with residents of Bohemia (Boyerland) and other peoples. Over time, they began to be called Bavarians, and the land on which they lived was called Bavaria. For a long time, the Holy Roman Empire did not allow the Bavarian dukes to rule it independently. The first emperor to receive the crown was Ludwig IV of Bavaria in 1314. Since then, Bavaria has experienced many wars, transformations, and changes of power, but we must pay tribute to the fact that most of its cities have retained their original appearance and most of the architectural and historical monuments.

Coat of arms of Bavaria

Landscape

The landscape of Bavaria is quite diverse and rich. It is represented by part of Kalkalpen and the Alpine foothills, which includes many magnificent lakes, the Schottische ebene with its hills and the German middle mountains.

A large number of rivers flow through Bavaria, which are connected to the Danube, which is one of the largest in Europe. Of the more significant ones, the Main, which flows in the northwestern part of the earth, the Saale, which originates on the slopes of the Franconian Forest, and the Rhine, which unites the Rhine-Main-Danube canal with the Danube, should be noted.

Bavaria is called the land of lakes. There are more than one and a half thousand of them in the Alpine foothills. The most famous of them include Walchensee (depth about 200 meters), Starnberg, Chiemsee, Amersee, Tegernsee.

Karst caves and mines can be found in the southern Alps and Franconian Alb. The Salzgrabenhöhle is one of the largest caves, and the Geburtstagsschacht is the deepest mine.

Augsburg is a city in Bavaria

Cities

Many of the settlements in Bavaria were founded by the ancient Romans. Today, the most famous and visited cities are the following.

Munich

The first information about Munich dates back to 1158. Numerous tourists love to walk on its central square, Marienplatz, where the new town hall building is located. The premises of the old town hall are also located here, which is now occupied by a toy museum. Not far from the square is the Church of St. Peter, erected in the eleventh century. In the Munich City Museum you can see his rich history and culture. In general, the city has many museums and galleries of various types (Cinema Museum, Puppet Museum and others).

Nuremberg

Nuremberg is the second largest and most important city in Bavaria. At the same time, it is very beautiful and picturesque. It is famous for its Gothic cathedrals, which are decorated with magnificent openwork carvings and stained glass windows, bridges on the Pegnitz River, the Kaiserburg fortress, squares, parks and unique fountains. Guests of the city pay special attention to the powerful walls surrounding the city, towers and ditches, which were built in the fifteenth century.

Augsburg

Augsburg is one of the oldest cities in Germany, built on the site where a military camp of the ancient Romans was once located. Its history, dating back more than two thousand years, has left an indelible imprint on its appearance. The period of special prosperity of the city dates back to the seventeenth century, so most of the attractions are made in the style of that time. These are cathedrals, main squares, fountains, which still retain their original appearance.

Wurzburg

Information about Wurzburg as a city dates back to 704. In ancient times it was known as a bishop's city. The architectural appearance of the city was created over many centuries by famous architects, sculptors and artists. Now it is one of the most famous and beautiful European cities. Many of its attractions are monuments of world culture. He also became famous for his viticulture and winemaking. In Würzburg they pay great tribute to ancient musical traditions. More than three hundred musical concerts are held here throughout the year, featuring classical music by famous authors.

Fussen

Arriving in Bavaria, you can’t help but visit Füssen, whose history begins in the third century AD. In ancient times it was a Roman castle; in the eighth century it became a Benedictine abbey. Nowadays, it is the best hydrotherapy resort in the country with healing mud and many mineral springs. But it attracts tourists with its unusual and luxurious castles: Neuschwanstein, built by Ludwig II, known as the fairy-tale king, and Hohenschwangau. Fusse is also known as a good winter resort.

Popular tourist destinations

Tourism in Bavaria is one of the most significant sources of income. Its landscapes, well-developed infrastructure, the Bavarian Alps and their foothills, magnificent forests (Frankenwald, Oberpfalzer, Buemerwald) have made this land the most famous and favorite tourist destination all year round. Many come for treatment at the famous balneological and ski resorts Bavaria. The second name of Bavaria is the Land of Rest. In addition, numerous guests come here for a variety of holidays and festivals. The popularity of Oktoberfest, which is the most major festival beer, and the Landshut wedding cannot be overestimated

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In this article you will learn:

Football club Bayern is the most popular and most titled football club in Germany. Its foundation dates back to 1900. The list of trophies won by the Munich team is truly impressive. Bayern is a sixteen-time winner of the German Cup, the team has won the championship twenty-three times. The Munich team managed to win the European Cup three times and the Champions League twice.

Club emblem

Nicknames:"rotchose" ("red pants"), FC "Hollywood", Bavarians, Star of the South.

Address: Germany, Saebener Strasse 51, DE–81547, Munchen

Stadium: Allianz Arena. Capacity – 69,901 spectators. Field size: length – 105, width – 69 (in meters).

Official website of the club: www.fcbayern.de

History of the club

At the end of the 19th century, football in Germany developed due to the popular gymnastics clubs at that time. One of these clubs was Munich 1860. In 1899, a football section was founded in this club. Since little attention was paid to football in the gymnastics club, already in 1900 a section meeting was held, where the issue of the possibility of independent development of the football section was discussed. Eleven people spoke in favor of separating from the gymnastics club and forming a new football club. This is how the Bayern football club was born. The club was named after.

Bayern played its first match with the First Munich team. The result of the match is 5:2 in favor of Bayern. Due to the fact that the club was based near the University of Munich, it became very popular among students. The doors of the new club were open to everyone, so the team did not experience a shortage of players. It is not surprising that in 1907 the club had a dozen children's and youth teams, as well as several adult teams. Before the First World War, this team was the most popular in Munich. Several players from the German national team played for the Bavarians.

Bayern's first successes

The team from Munich owes its first successful performances to coach William Townley. It was this coach who instilled speed and combination play in the Munich team. The 1925/26 season was successful for Bayern. However, Bayern failed to become the best in Germany. The championship title that season went to Fortuna from Leipzig.

1932 was a triumphant year for the Munich residents. In the final match, Bayern beat Eintracht, scoring two unanswered goals to the opponent. This is how the Munich team became national champions for the first time. The team's fans had to wait quite a long time for subsequent successful performances.

Bayern in the Bundesliga

The Bundesliga in Germany was founded in 1963. However, the Munich team were able to begin their performances in the Bundesliga only in 1965. During this period, the eminent Gerd Müller, the great Sepp Mayer, as well as the unrivaled Franz Beckenbauer played for Bayern during this period. It was these high-quality players that the team's game was built on. The Munich team finished their debut season in the Bundesliga quite successfully, finishing third. In addition, the team won the German Cup.

Sepp Mayer
Gerd Müller
Franz Beckenbauer

In 1969, the team from Munich wins the national championship and cup. Bayern preach attacking, fast and aggressive football. The period from 1969 to 1974 was very successful for the Bavarians. The team wins the championship title four times. The colors of Bayern are defended by several players of the national team who became world champions in 1974.

From 1980 to 2013, the Munich club won the championship eighteen more times. The team was able to achieve enormous success under the leadership of the eminent Udo Lattek. This odious coach managed to build a team that had no equal rivals not only in the German championship, but also in the international arena. Udo Lattek led Bayern for more than five years. With this coach, the club won the national championship three times and won the German Cup once.

Throughout its history, Bayern has won 23 championship titles and became the country's vice-champion 10 times. Football players from Munich won the German Cup 16 times. Munich have won the German Super Cup 5 times.

Bayern on the international stage

For many years now, Bayern Munich has been a constant contender for victory in any international tournament. The team from Munich won the European Cup for the first time in 1974. Under the leadership of the talented coach Udo Lattek, Bayern beat Atlético Madrid in the final. The fans did not see any goals scored in regular time, but in extra time the Spaniards managed to open the scoring. Bayern was able to win back only a few seconds before the end of the match. Since there were no post-match penalty kicks at that time, the match was replayed. In the second game, Bayern left no chance for the opponent, scoring four unanswered goals against the Spaniards.

In the 1974/75 and 1975/76 seasons, the Bavarians again won the Champions Cup. In the final game of 1975, the English Leeds were beaten, and in 1976, the West German team final match beat Saint-Etienne. Their illustrious captain, Franz Beckenbauer, demonstrated a brilliant performance for the Munich team. In 1976, the legendary Bayern captain was recognized best player Europe.

In 1996, Beckenbauer, already the coach of Bayern, won the UEFA Cup.

The 2000/2001 season ended with another triumph for Bayern. Under the leadership of Ottmar Hitzveld, the Munich team became winners of the Champions League. In the playoff games, the strongest teams in Europe were beaten - Real Madrid and the English Manchester United, to which Bayern lost the memorable final of 1998/99. In the final match, the Munich team met with the Spanish Valencia. The main time of the match ended in a draw. The winner was determined in the post-match penalty shootout. The players from Munich turned out to be the best in penalty kicks.

The 2012/13 season saw the first ever Champions League final between two German teams. Bayern, coached by Jupp Heynckess, met Borussia Dortmund in the final. Players from both teams demonstrated the highest football skills. There was a lot of fighting, dangerous moments, flank passes, shots on goal and goalkeeper saves in the match. Bayern opened the scoring in the match, but after eight minutes the opponent managed to equalize the score. The winning goal was scored by the tireless Arjen Robben. The Munich team won the final match with a score of 2:1. We also note that on the way to the final game, Bayern simply destroyed the formidable Catalan Barcelona. In two matches, players from Munich scored seven unanswered goals against the Catalans.

Bayern is one of the most titled clubs on the planet. The Munich team won the European Cup three times, they have two victories in the Champions League, one UEFA Cup, one Cup Winners' Cup. In addition, the team won the Intercontinental Cup twice and won the UEFA Super Cup once.

The Munich team plays home matches at the Allianz Arena (stadium capacity – 71,137 fans).

Allianz Arena in ancient times

Allianz Arena now

All Bayern coaches

1908 – 1909 Thomas Taylor

1909 – 1911 Georg Hoare

1911 – 1913 John Griffith

1913 – 1914 John Griffith, William Townley

1915 – 1916 Franz Kreisel

1916 – 1917 Franz Bauman

1917 – 1918 Heinz Kistner

1918 – 1919 Karl Storch

1919 – 1921 William Townley

1921 – 1922 Dori Kürschner

1922 – 1924 Hans Schmid

1924 – 1927 Jim McPherson

1927 – 1930 Konrad Weiss

1930 – 1933 Richard Dombey

1933 – 1934 Hans Tauchert

1934 – 1935 Ludwig Hoffmann

1935 – 1937 Richard Michalke

1937 – 1938 Wilhelm Koerner

1938 – 1943 Ludwig Goldbrunner

1943 – 1945 Conrad Heidkamp

1945 – 1946 Richard Hoegg

1946 – 1947 Josef Pöttinger

1947 – 1948 Franz Dietl

1948 – 1950 Alf Riemke

1950 – 1951 David Davidson

1951 Bertl Moll

1951 – 1953 Max Schaeffer

1953 – 1954 Georg Bayerer

1954 – 1955 Georg Knöpfle

1955 Jacob Streitle

1955 – 1956 Bertl Moll

1956 – 1958 Willibald Hahn

1958 Bertl Moll

1958 – 1961 Adolphe Patek

1961 – 1963 Helmut Schneider

1963 – 1968 Zlatko Tchaikovsky

1968 – 1970 Branko Zebec

1970 – 1975 Udo Lattek

1975 – 1978 Dettmar Kramer

1978 – 1979 Gyula Lorant

1979 – 1983 Pal Chernai

1983 Reinhard Zaftig

1983 – 1987 Udo Lattek

1987 – 1992 Jupp Heynckes

1992 Serene Lerbi

1992 – 1994 Erich Ribbeck

1994 Franz Beckenbauer

1994 – 1995 Giovanni Trapattoni

1995 – 1996 Otto Rechhagel

1996 Franz Beckenbauer

1996 – 1998 Giovanni Trapattoni

1998 – 2004 Ottmar Hitzfeld

2004 – 2007 Felix Magath

2007 – 2008 Ottmar Hitzfeld

2008 – 2009 Jurgen Klinsmann

2009 Jupp Heynckes

2009 – 2011 Louis van Gaal

2011 Andres Jonker

2011 – 2013 Jupp Heynckes

2013 - present- Josep Guardiola

All Bayern team captains:

1965 – 1970 – Werner Olk

1970 – 1977 – Franz Beckenbauer

1977 – 1979 – Sepp Meier

1979 – Gerd Müller

1979 – 1980 – Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

1980 – 1983 – Paul Breitner

1983 – 1984 – Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1984 – 1991 – Klaus Augenthaler

1991 – 1994 – Raymond Aumann

1994 – 1996 – Lothar Matheus

1997 – 1999 – Thomas Helmer

1999 – 2002 – Stefan Effenberg

2002 – 2008 – Oliver Kahn

2008 – 2011 – Mark van Bommel

WITH 2011 To this day, Philipp Lahm leads the team on the field.

Sepp Mayer played the most matches for the Bavarians (623), the top scorer is Gerd Müller (525 goals scored).

The FIFA Player of the Year in 1991 was the legendary Lothar Matthäus.

Germany and Bayern Munich goalkeeper Oliver Kahn received the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2002.

Ballon d'Or laureates: Gerd Müller (1970), Franz Beckenbauer (1972, 1976), Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1980, 1981).

Golden Boot winner: Gerd Müller (1970, 1972).

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