Categories of difficulty in mountaineering and mountain tourism. Reference. Difficulty categories of the passes Magisho and Gento Massifs

The number of difficulty categories in all types of active tourism is 6. As the difficulty category of a hike increases, its difficulty increases from I to VI (Table 1). The difficulty category of a route is determined by local obstacles encountered along the way. In trekking (mountain tourism) these are passes, in water tourism - rapids, in caving tourism - caves, etc. In turn, local obstacles can also be divided into several categories of difficulty. The difficulty category is used in the context of the hike in general, and the difficulty category is used for local obstacles on the tourist route.

Table 1 – Standards for trips in active tourism

In trekking, the trekking route must be linear or circular and make up at least 75% of the entire route. This was done so that if there is not enough distance to qualify for the ICC, tourists can make radial exits. "Radial" is counted in one direction if the return is along the same path.

The difficulty of climbing in mountaineering is determined by the complexity of a particular route to a mountain peak. There are also 6 categories of difficulty, divided into 2 semi-categories A and B (1A class in mountaineering is not included in the category count). The difficulty categories of the route are determined by the difficulty of local sections, of which there are also 6 from I to VI. There is also an international methodology for assessing the difficulty of rocky areas UIAA– Union of International Mountaineering Associations. The classification is presented by 11 k.t. from I to XI. You can watch it.

In trekking, local obstacles are mainly passes (Table 2). There are 3 main categories, divided into semi-categories just like in mountaineering - A and B. There are passes without c.t. – uncategorized (indicated on maps as n/a). Traverses and peak ascents can be included in your trekking credit. Here it is necessary to correctly translate the mountaineering category of difficulty into trekking. It roughly looks like this:

— the nature of the most difficult sections of the pass;

— equipment, movement tactics and features of overnight accommodations necessary to overcome the pass;

— quantitative characteristics (travel time, number of insurance points);

- necessary special equipment ( Popchikovsky V.Yu.).

Any c.s. is included in the credit for the route. includes several passes (Table 2). A minimum number of passes of a given difficulty has been established. In this case, the maximum number of passes in one route can be increased by 2. A tourist group can include passes of any difficulty, not exceeding the complexity of the hike. It is worth noting that, starting with the III class campaign, the group has the right to decide for themselves which pass is more logical to go through.

Table 2 – Standards for the difficulty category of trekking trips

*on route VI class lane option possible 2B – 1 piece, 3A – 3 pieces, 3B – 1 piece.

The difficulty of the passes is determined as follows (Table 3).

Table 3 – Criteria for assessing the difficulty of passes

(Table from the book “Russian tourist. Regulatory acts on sports and health tourism in Russia for 2001-2004.”)

The criteria for evaluating routes to mountain peaks include:

— absolute height of the peak;

— length of the route;

— steepness of slopes, nature of the relief;

— technical complexity of individual sections;

— the total number of sections of varying degrees of difficulty on the way to the top;

— approaches and descent from the summit are not included in the route difficulty category.

In general, they are similar to the assessment of passes. The complexity of climbing routes is determined as shown in tables 4 and 5.

Table 4 – Criteria for assessing the complexity of routes to mountain peaks

There is no official assessment of backcountry routes in the post-Soviet space. The category of difficulty of backcountry routes is closely intertwined with the complexity of mountaineering and hiking routes (Table 6).

Table 6 – Assessment of the complexity of backcountry routes ( Vitaliy Rage)

Methods for categorizing other types of active tourism can be viewed in detail in this book on pp. 86-115. Vostokov I.E., Panov S.N. Russian tourist. Regulatory acts on sports and health tourism in Russia for 2001-2004. – M., 2001. Download .

The routes can be officially completed in Federation of Sports Tourism and Tourist All-Arounds, we have one like this. On the site you can find various information on tourist and sports events for active types of tourism: competitions, touriades, festivals, water regattas, etc. throughout Kazakhstan. But this is if you want to become an athlete, if not, then join us.

This list contains brief information about the passes located on the territory of the Caucasian Nature Reserve. The eastern border of the Reserve runs along the watercourses of the river. Damkhurts and R. Bolshaya Laba, and captures the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic; the southern one runs either along the side spurs or along the Main Watershed Range within the Kasnodar Territory. The western border is located on the western and northwestern edge of the Lagonaki plateau. In the north, the border stretches along the systems of the Skalisty and Peredovoy ridges.

This list was created on the basis of the previously published List of passes in the mountainous part of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea (Butvin I., Samoilenko A., 1997), taking into account the information and clarifications accumulated over the last decade.

This list provides information on 172 passes, with 71 passes (i.e. the largest number) having a difficulty category of “1A”. These are natural obstacles that are easy to overcome: scree, rock and snow slopes with a steepness of up to 30°, or gentle glaciers without cracks, or steep grassy slopes. There may be trails on the approaches to these passes. The simplest passes - non-categorical ones - are presented in the “List” in the amount of 45. The number of passes “1B” - “2A” of the difficulty category is 43. These are simple and moderately steep sections (up to 45°), where the use of special climbing equipment is sometimes necessary. Difficult passes, “2B” – “3A” difficulty categories, are presented in the number of 13, which is only 7.5% of the total number of all described passes.

The passes in the list are grouped according to local sections of large mountain ranges or their groups, according to established tourist and mountaineering mountain lists, and also depending on the absolute height. For each pass the list contains the following data: serial number within the subdistrict; name of the pass; altitude in meters above sea level (data is given either from marks on topographic maps or from altimeter readings); category of difficulty of the pass in summer and the nature of the main areas that determine the difficulty of the pass (rocks, scree, ice, snow, grass, forest); river valleys, lakes, glaciers that connect passes. The note provides additional information: information about the first ascent (who and when), geographical features, historical and toponymic information.

The “List” identifies the following local areas:

(Lagonaki Highlands, Fisht-Oshtenovsky massif).

(Amuco massif - Big Chura - Achishkho, Tybga - Dzhemaruk - Chugush massif, Assar ridges- Vorobyova - Jitaku - Urushten, Dzhuga-Bambak massifs).

3. Thachi - Acheshbok massifs.

4. Eastern part of the Caucasus Nature Reserve (Pseashkha massif, Chelipsi-Alous-Yatyrgvarta massifs; Aishkha ridge; Rocky massif; Tsakhvoa (Herzen) ridge; Kardyvach mountain cluster; Yukha-Damkhurts massifs: Imereti mountain cluster; Aibginsky and Atsetuksky ridges).

5. Magiso-Gentu massifs.

Let's look at each of them briefly.

1. Northwestern part of the Caucasus Nature Reserve

Lagonaki Highlands stands out as a separate structure in the Western Caucasus mountain system and adjoins the GKH from the north in the area of ​​the Belorechensky pass and Chigursan pass. It is located between the Belaya and Pshekha rivers. The borders are drawn along the cliffs of the Nagoy-Chuk massif and the Montenegro plateau in the west, rocky ledges of the Stone Sea and Azish-Tau ridges in the east; in the south the border passes along the Guzeripl, Armenian and Belorechensky passes. The highest point of the highland is Mount Fisht (2868 m). The total area is about 700 km2.

The Lagonaki Plateau is a small remnant of a vast mid-mountain country that once existed in the Caucasus. The modern surface is a kind of cuesta, caused by the monoclinal occurrence of layers. Some of the passes (Maikopsky, Geimanovsky Gates, etc.) are located in places where limestone rocks come to the surface, forming vertical walls.

The southern edge of the highland is bordered by a mountain group Fisht-Oshtenovsky massif . This structure resembles a huge impregnable fortress. The massifs of the Fisht and Pshekho-Su mountains are bordered on almost all sides by rocky cliffs and huge glacial cirques. A little far from them stands the Oshtenovsky massif, which is connected to Mount Fisht by a bridge of the Fisht-Oshtenovsky pass (2205 m).

In total, we collected information on 15 passes on Lagonaki, including 13 non-category passes, 1 - 1-A, 1 -1-B class. Heights vary from 1463 m to 2675 m (Oshten Saddle).

For a long time, trade routes to the sea went through some passes. In pre-war times, the famous 30th All-Union route “Across Adygea to the Black Sea” began to operate, which crossed the Guzeriplsky (1965 m), Armenian (1852 m), Belorechensky (1782 m), Cherkessky (1836 m) lanes. A little later, the 825th All-Union planned route (Maykop-Lazarevskoye) began to function, starting on foot from the Lagonaki camp and then proceeding through the lane. Azishsky (1775 m), Abadzeshsky (2043 m), Oshtenovsky (2117 m), Maikopsky (1950 m), Chigursan (1889 m).

2. Western part of the Caucasus Nature Reserve

Amuko - Bolshaya Chura - Achishkho massifs. The Amuko ridge with the 1918 m peak of the same name adjoins the GKH from the southwest in the area of ​​Mount Bolshaya Chura. The length of the ridge from west to east is about 10 km. 1 Amuko pass with grassy-talus slopes is classified, located in the southwestern shoulder of Mount Amuko and connecting the Agva (Sochi River basin) and Ushkha (Sochi River basin) rivers. In the off-season, 1-A class is assessed.

The Bolshaya Chura massif is located in the axial zone of the Main Watershed and adjoins the Amuko Ridge on the eastern side. The highest point is Mount Bolshaya Chura (2250.7 m). The massif has steep southern and western slopes, relative elevations are up to 1000-1100 m. Above the 2-kilometer isoline there are open areas of terrain. The Achishkho massif also belongs to the GVH ridge system and rises from the northwest above the village. Krasnaya Polyana, the highest point is Mount Achishkho - 2391.4 m. Livestock or hunting trails rise to the massif from different sides. The “List” includes 4 passes, simple and accessible. The Achishkho region is distinguished by the fact that it is considered the wettest place in the country. There are only 60-70 clear, sunny days a year, and precipitation often falls in excess of 4-4.5 thousand mm per year.

Tybga-Dzhemaruk-Chugush massif It is connected to the Achishkho massif by a wooded lintel of the Colchis Gate pass. Located in the northern spurs of the GKH. The highest point of the massif is Mount Chugush (3237.8 m). In our opinion, it is also one of the westernmost three-thousander peaks in the Caucasus. This is a real world of highlands with pointed rock peaks, relatively thick (by the standards of the Western Caucasus) mountain glaciation, large scree, snowy slopes, “ram’s foreheads”. It is difficult to get here from the south; from Krasnaya Polyana you need to spend 2.5 - 3 days to get to the Chugush glacier. From the north, from the village. Guzeripl to Mount Tybga (3064.6 m) is about 40 km. In total, 19 passes were passed and classified, the highest of which is K. Yu. Golgofa (2A, ~3060 m), the lowest is Turovy (n/k, 2071 m), connecting the Sennaya camp with the village. Guzeripl. A large role in the development of this massif belongs to Maikop pedestrian tourists. One of the passes is named in honor of one of them - A. Kh. Bagov, the first master of sports in tourism in the Republic of Adygea.

Ridges of Assar - Vorobyov - Dzitaku - Urushten located adjacent to the southeast of the Tybga-Dzhemaruk-Chugush massif. If the 1st ridge is located in the axial zone of the GKH, then the rest are its northern spurs. This is the heart of the reserve and, moreover, very inaccessible. The passes through this ridge lead mainly from the Achipse River basin to the Kisha River basin. The length of the ridge, which has a horseshoe shape, is 7-8 km. On the northern slopes there are glaciers in cross-shaped depressions. They, in combination with rock-talus slopes, create certain difficulties when overcoming depressions in the ridge. The passes here can be rated 2A-2B class. In the chronology Vorobyov knows 4 passes, the most difficult of them is 2A. In the upper reaches of the Kitayka River, the right tributary of the Kishi River, there are the lowest glaciers in the Caucasus, the tongues of which drop to 1710-1800 m. The routes to the Vorobyov and Eight passes run through them. In the chronology Jitaku is located one of the most difficult classified passes - Camel (2690 m), rated 3A class. It connects the sources of the Kitayka River and the Bas. Laura River. The main difficulty is overcoming the 150-meter rocky ice discharge on the northern side and the increased rock hazard of the slopes due to severely destroyed rocks. Some of the passes in this part were first passed and described in the scientific and sports expedition “Caucasian Nature Reserve-94”, one of the leaders of which was the author. Among them: Sinerechensky (2A, 2750 m, sk./ld./os), Nadozerny (1B-2A, 2682 m), Osypnoy (1A-1B, 2405 m, grass./os./sk.) - in the ridge Jitaku; Koshkareva False. (1B, 2740 m, sk./os./grass.) in the ridge. Urushten.

To the north of the above is located mountain junction Dzhuga - Bambak . From the south it borders along the Aspidny Lane, from the north along the Solontsovy Range, the western border runs along the valley of the Kisha River, the eastern border along the valley. Urushten River. The highest point is Mount Dzhuga (2975.9 m). Several small glaciers lie on the northern slopes of Juga. Well-cleaned protected paths lead to the junction from the “Kisha” cordon through the lane. Aspidny and from the lane. Devil's Gate. In total, 7 easy passes are classified, including three 1A grades. and three n/k.

3. Thachi-Acheshbok massifs

Thachi Ridge - Acheshbok - Chests located in the Peredovoy Range mountain system on the border of the Caucasus Nature Reserve. The relief is cuesta-shaped, the northern slopes are mostly grassy, ​​steep (up to 40-45°), the orientation slopes are 150-250-meter rocky bastions. A well-worn trail follows the ridge crest. In total there are 5 known passes with heights of 1951-2150 m.

4. Eastern part of the Caucasian Nature Reserve

Pseashkha massif It is relatively well studied by climbers, tourists, and scientists due to its accessibility. From Krasnaya Polyana, in 1.5-2 days you can get to the Kholodny camp (the Urushten River valley) and the upper reaches of the Malaya Laba. From here the peaks and passes are just a stone's throw away. The western border of the massif runs along a low depression in the Main Watershed, separating the basins of the Urushten and Laura rivers. This is the Pseashkha pass (n/k, 2014 m). Back in 1845, the Russian officer Baron Tornau penetrated through it from the valley of the Urushten River to Krasnaya Polyana. He subsequently wrote: “This plain, imperceptibly sloping on one side to the northeast, on the other to the southwest, formed a break in the terrain.” The pass, as Yu.K. Efremov notes in his wonderful book “On the Paths of the Black Sea Mountains,” is truly extraordinary. He is a valley type. You can walk to the saddle for half a day and think to yourself: “When will we finally arrive?” So here, too, the pass point lies on a barely visible convexity of the bottom of a flat valley.

The Pseashkho massif stands out for its compactness, pointed peaks, by local standards, and powerful glaciation (according to V.D. Panova, the area of ​​the Pseashkho pass is 1.8 km 2, and the length is 3.1 km). 10 passes have been explored here, in addition to the simple pass described above. Pseashkha is a lane. Stroiteley (1B, 2800 m), lane. Neftyanik (1B, 2940 m), lane. Mramorny (1B*, 2800 m) and others. To the first two, from the side of the Chisty River, the path often runs along the Kholodny glacier, one of the longest in the region. The Mramorny Pass poses an increased danger during rains (again from the Chistaya River).

Chelipsi-Alous-Yatyrgvarta massifs very picturesque, but extremely rarely visited by people. The highest point is Mount Chelipsi (3097 m). The Alous ridge, meridionally elongated from south to north, separates the basins of the Achipsta and Chelipsi rivers; there are practically no trails on it. There are 15 passes in the massif, of which one of the most difficult is the lane. Chelipsi Zap. (2A, 2811 m). Through the lane During the war years, Alous and Mastakan were the line of defense, and in the 60-70s there was a planned tourist trail. Tryu Pass (n/k, 2330 m), connecting the Yatyrgvarta massif and the ridge. Skirda is a classic example of the fact that the saddle is located just below the altitude of the pass.

Aishkha Ridge– this is the section of the GKH from the Aishkha pass to the Pyaterykh pass. This is a long (about 30 km) and seemingly flat chain of meadow peaks, between which there are shallow depressions of saddles. A well-trodden path runs along the ridge. There are 5 known passes n/k - 1-A k.t., the heights are in the range of 1965-2625 m.

Of particular interest is Tsakhvoa (Herzen) ridge - the watershed between the Damkhurts and Tsakhvoa rivers, located in the northern spur of the Main Range, adjacent to it in the area of ​​Mount Tsyndyshkha (3139 m) and having a length of 16 km. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Tsakhvoa (3345.2 m). This peak is considered the highest point of the Krasnodar Territory. There are several more peaks exceeding 3100-3200 m above sea level. The slopes of the ridge are very steep, and in places sheer, dissected by deep steep valleys, streams and gullies. The valleys of the tributaries of the Bezymyanka and Tsakhvoa rivers form crossbars through which it is very difficult to climb. There are only 12 passes in the ridge from grades 1A to 3A.

Relatively well studied Kardyvach mountain cluster - a famous tourist and mountaineering area. 18 passes have been mastered, including n/k -3, 1A - 12, 1B - 2, 2A - 1. The maximum height is 2850 m, the lowest elevation is 2100 m.

Imereti mountain junction for a long time remained a poorly studied and remote area of ​​the reserve. However, over the past decades the situation has changed, and to date, 16 passes from n/k to 2B k.t have been taken into account here

Aibginsky and Atsetuksky ridges merged into one subdistrict. Its length is 35 km, the highest point is Mount Agepsta (3257 m), has a pan-Caucasian strike and stretches south of the GKH, separated by the Mzymta valley. 10 passes of various difficulty categories have been certified: from n/k to 1B kt., the height of the passes ranges from 1500 to 2600 m.

5. Magisho and Gento massifs

Mountain junction Magisho - Gento located partially on the border with the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia. The highest point is Mount Magisho (3160 m). From the side of the Bolshaya Laba River valley there are good transport connections. Livestock and hiking trails have long passed through the Umpyr and Magisho passes. High mountain meadows are natural pastures for livestock: horses, sheep.

Conventions and abbreviations

1953,9 exact elevation
1950 approximate elevation
~2600 approximate elevation
(Zero Picket) or /level Agepsta/ name variant, usually equivalent
(bass R. Belaya) explanation of the location of the object
[Dziszski] historical name (toponym)
"Flowerbed" rarely used toponym
[?] there is no exact localization of the toponym
WITH- north, Z- west, YU- south, IN- East
north- northern, zap.- western, south- southern, eastern- eastern
Ch.- chief[-th], center.- central[-th], knot- nodal[-oh] B.- big[-oh], M.- small[-y] top- upper[-yaya], lower- lower[-th] right- right[-th], a lion.- left[-th],
lane- pass, ice.- glacier [ice. № 21 — glacier number according to the “Catalog of Glaciers…”] G.- mountain, V.- top, P.- peak, hr.- ridge, GVH— Main Dividing Range
lake- lake, R.- river, manual- Creek, d.r.- river valley, bass. R.- river basin
ur.- tract

Conditional abbreviations in the category of difficulty of passes

herbs, (tr.) grassy
sk. rocky
OS scree
forest. forest
ld. ice
n. snow
n/a not categorical

Note: All heights and references are given based on the topo basis of scale M 1:25000

All maps open by clicking in a large size (2-3mb)

Article navigation:

Lagonaki, Fisht-Oshtenovsky massif

Amuko - Bol. Chura - Achishkho

Tybga - Dzhemaruk - Chugush

Assara - Vorobyova - Jitaku

Dzhuga - Bambak

Thach - Acheshbok

Pseashkha massif

Chelipsi – Alous – Yatyrgvarta

Rocky massif, Aishkha ridge and Tsakhvoa (Herzen) ridge

Kardyvach mountain cluster

Ozerny Range, Imereti Mountain Knot and Shepsi Massif

Damkhurts, Juha, Magisho and Gento massifs

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Rounding the rocky pressure near the lake, the trail first rises along a grassy slope, then comes out onto a scree and along it, serpentine, goes in the direction of the passage between rocky outcrops. We begin to climb along it and, after 20 minutes, we come to a fork in the paths. Height 3633 m, coordinates 42.3217616603 78.5256071482.

We choose the left path, which traverses the scree and smoothly rises towards the pass. The right path goes down, along a grassy slope with stones, towards the Aksai Travel tent camp, and then to the shore of the lake.

The ascent along the trail is not difficult, but monotonous (this is true for the entire trail up to the pass). We walk slowly and examine the rocks to the left of the path. In principle, here you can find places for training, but there are not many flat areas where you could gather under the rocks; they are surrounded by trails of scree, and there is no water throughout the entire ascent.

The trail gradually turns towards the pass. Crossing the scree running in ridges, it periodically descends and rises, but the general nature of the ascent is a traverse of the scree slope with a slight gain in height. Almost all the time the trail goes under the rocks, crossing the scree in their upper part. About 10-15 minutes before the pass we come to a local flattening - the scree here is larger, the path on it is lost, the path is marked with tours. We climb to the pass in 1 hour 10-20 minutes from the fork in the trails with one 10-minute rest. The saddle of pass 16 is wide, scree, with the remains of snow cornices hanging from it. These are the only areas of snow on the pass takeoff on both sides of the pass, it’s dry. To the east there is a view of the upper reaches of the Keldyke River.

Having gathered at the pass, we admire the magnificent views of the lake, surrounding peaks and glaciers. Height 3920 m. At 13:55 we begin the descent from the pass. We go down not to the camp, but to the shore of the lake (after about 20 minutes of descending along the path, we leave it and, along one of the screes, go down to the water). Here, on a green terrace with a stream, we get up for lunch, finding a dry place (the shore of the lake is swampy). It took 30 minutes to get down here from the pass.

2. Panoramic pass 1B 3700 (1A 3500)???

Get up 5:00-5:30, leave at 7:15. Cloudy, completely windless, temperature +8°. The water in the lake is like a mirror; By the time we leave, a slight breeze picks up. The trail to the Panorama pass goes a couple of tens of meters from the water along a traverse of a scree slope, marked by hikers. After 10 minutes, when overcoming rocky outcrops, it splits into several, which then converge again. Suddenly, ahead, behind the circus of the pass, there is a massive rockfall: along one of the couloirs, large stones fly from the ridge line to the water and, falling into the lake, raise giant fountains. Alarmed, we quickly pass the rest of the trail under the rocks and take a break at the entrance to the talus circus of the pass. Further ascent to the pass takes place along medium and small scree with patches of land, the steepness is up to 20°. In some places there is a trail, the scree is mostly stable. We reach the pass at 8:45. It is windy and cool here (+8°), the panorama is hidden by clouds. We walk along the wide ridge in an easterly direction. There is no note on the tour. Many participants feel a little “gorgeous.” We begin our descent at 9:35 diagonally to the right to reach the wide scree slope of the southern slope. 30 years of the Komsomol. Underfoot there is a small moving scree, there is a semblance of a path. We pass the beginning of the rocky-talus couloir, along which sometimes passes the way up to the pass from the southwest, descend 70 meters along the ridge bordering the couloir on the right (the remains of the trail), then again we go to the right, onto a wide slope, choosing areas of smaller scree. Then we go down this slope to the grass in a dense group, laying serpentines 35 minutes from the pass. The steepness of the slope is up to 25°, the drop in height is 350 m. As the descent begins, the weather improves, the sun comes out, and the clouds gradually stretch. You can spend the night in the circus, but you will have to look for water closer to the port side. We begin our descent from the circus along the grassy slopes of ancient moraines, first down, then going to the left side of the gorge. There is no good path, there are stones under the grass in places, it is not very convenient to walk. In 20 minutes we reach a grassy shelf (shoulder) above a steep grassy slope leading to the Keltor River. We decide to descend not straight along the stream, but with an oblique traverse to the left, in the direction of the upper reaches of the Keltor. After a few minutes of descending from the shelf along the grass to 20°, we find an old, weak path going in the right direction. In some places it gets lost, but then is found again. The path makes the journey much easier. After 20 minutes of descent we cross two shallow dry sai, then before entering the forest the path again becomes more obvious, however, judging by the protruding branches of spruce and juniper trees, cattle have not been driven along it for a very long time. In a sparse forest, the path descends in a gentle serpentine path and leads out to a clearing overgrown with burdocks and sorrel near a dilapidated bridge over the Keltor. When moving in the opposite direction, it is very advisable to find this trail, which can be difficult: its beginning from the river is difficult to read. The descent is clearly visible from the Teleta River valley. In 15 minutes we walk along a familiar path to a clearing near the river from under the Black Stones pass and set up camp on it.

In mountain tourism and mountaineering, there are categories of difficulty (c.s.), defined by the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes (EVSKTM) and Recommendations for the classification of climbing routes, approved by the Russian Mountaineering Federation.

The difficulty category of a hike is determined by the number and complexity of local obstacles, the length of the route and its duration. In total, there are six difficulty categories for hikes and for local obstacles - passes and peaks. Hikes are classified from class 1 to class 6, and for local obstacles the following gradations have been introduced: uncategorized passes (n.k.), 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B.

“Uncategorized” (n.k.) hikes are used to prepare beginners and are available to everyone, just like a hike of the 1st category of difficulty. They differ in that they do not have enough passes or are too short. Usually, hikes in N.K. and 1st k.s. take place in low mountainous areas, they are not dangerous to health and do not require special technical skills or special equipment.

The sections of the second - simple difficulty - are snow-ice sections with a steepness of 25-30° and non-steep rocks. When passing, basic mountaineering training is required.

Sections of the third - medium difficulty - are ice-snow sections with a steepness of 30-45°. Mountaineering itself begins with this category of difficulty, since movement in such areas requires special mountaineering training and equipment to organize safe movement (insurance).

Sections of the fourth are above average difficulty (difficult). These are steep (40-55°) ice-snow slopes and ridges with various snow cornices, the passage of which requires strenuous free climbing and good mastery of the technique of moving under mountainous terrain. Equipment: climbing shoes, crampons, ice axes, for organizing belay and self-insurance - various rock pitons, ice axes, bookmarks, carabiners, hammers, consumable cord, ropes.

Sections of the fifth difficulty are steep (more than 45°) ice-snow slopes, walls and ridges with various snow cornices, which are passed on the front teeth of the crampons, but mainly require the creation of artificial support points. To pass these sections, good special mountaineering technical, tactical, physical and moral preparation is required. Equipment: special climbing shoes, crampons, ice axes, a large set of various rock pitons, anchors, drills, carabiners, hammers, auxiliary cord, ladders. Belay and self-belay are only pitons, descents are carried out only by rappels.

Sections of the sixth difficulty are smooth vertical and overhanging rocks with a very limited number of inconvenient and small-sized holds, stops, protrusions, ledges necessary for organizing movement, and even cracks that allow organizing artificial points. There are practically no even short narrow (for one person) shelves for relaxation. The sections require excellent mastery of the highest mountaineering special movement techniques, tactical, physical, psychological and moral preparation, mastery of special mountaineering techniques and can be completed by a limited number of very well-trained mountaineering athletes.

Notes:

1. The technical complexity of sections and methods of overcoming them given in columns 2, 3 and 4 are typical only for this category of difficulty of passes and are not encountered when overcoming passes of previous categories. The presence of sections of any length with the complexity characteristic of passes of the previous categories is allowed.
2. Belay points mean places (positions) for fastening and threading the rope using an ice ax, hooks with carabiners, rock ledges, ice posts, over the shoulder, lower back, etc., necessary for hanging the railings and for belaying the first person on the climb and the last one when descent.
3. The presence of potentially dangerous areas (rockfalls, avalanches, ice collapses) does not affect the difficulty category of the pass and should be taken into account in the passage tactics and in the selection of equipment.
4. To pass passes of any category of difficulty in winter conditions or with deep snow cover on the slopes, it is additionally required to have avalanche cords (20 m) for each participant and one avalanche shovel for every 2-3 people.