"gold-boiling" Mangazeya. Mangazeya: where was this legendary Russian city Mangazeya where is it located

What is Mangazeya? A legendary city, founded in 1601 in the Turukhansky lands, which existed for only 70 years. Legends were made about the unprecedented wealth of the city. Over the centuries, it became like a fairy tale, since the location of the legendary city was not known. During the expedition of the Russian traveler V.O. Markgraf, a settlement was discovered and described, which confirmed the stories about the existence of a rich Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle at the very beginning of the 17th century.

Formation of the name Mangazeya

The word Mangazeya for a long time meant the legendary city, which was called “boiling gold”. What is Mangazeya, how did this word appear? Ethnographic scientists suggest that the name Mangazeya comes from the name of Prince Makazey (Mongkasi) - the leader of the local Samoyed tribe, as the Russian pioneers called local residents- Nenets, Enets and Selkups, who in times of famine ate their fellow tribesmen. It is believed that the word Mangazeya comes from the ancient name of the Taz River. Another version says that the name comes from the Molgonzee tribe, which is what modern Enets were called in the past.

First expedition

The first mentions of people living outside the Ugra land appeared at the end of the 15th century. There is evidence of this from Novgorod chroniclers, who wrote that beyond the Eastern Country and Yugra live Samoyeds called Malgonzeas. Russian sable fishermen had already mastered this region well at that time.

The history of Mangazeya began with the first detachments sent to these places by Boris Godunov. Voivode Miron Shakhovsky with a hundred archers went there from Tobolsk, but, as is believed, as a result of a storm he lost his ships and the detachment’s further route was by land. On Pura, the detachment was attacked by the Yenisei and Purov “samoyed”. As a result of the collision, some of the archers died, and the wounded governor himself with the remnants of the detachment continued on their way.

There is an assumption that the Samoyeds were hired by Russian fishermen who did not want to pay to the treasury, since they understood that the appearance of sovereigns in these places would stop the freemen. The fate of the detachment remained unknown for a long time. Following in the footsteps of the first expedition, in 1601, a second detachment of two hundred archers was sent, led by governors Savluk Pushkin and Vasily Mosalsky, who reached the Shakhovsky fort and church founded by the remnants of the detachment.

First settlement

The detachment of Pushkin and Mosalsky, having reached Mangazeya, located on the high right bank of the Taz River, three hundred kilometers from the mouth, began building a fort and laying out a settlement. By that time, Shakhovsky had presumably died from his wounds, so Mosalsky and Pushkin are considered to be the first governors. What Mangazeya was was known at that time in Russia, since rumors about these regions, where fur-bearing animals were found in large quantities, reached Moscow.

In 1603, by decree of Tsar Boris Godunov, a new governor, Fyodor Bulgakov, was sent. With him was a clergyman with church utensils. A guest courtyard was founded under him. In 1606, Vasily Shuisky sent new governors - D. Zherebtsov and K. Davydov. State power was firmly established in this region.

The first city beyond the Arctic Circle

In 1607, a fortress was built - a Kremlin with five towers. At the entrance there was the Spasskaya Tower, which had the shape of a quadrangle in plan. There were two gates underneath it. Four towers are located at the corners of a powerful fence 3 meters wide. Uspenskaya was built opposite the Osterovka River, the Davydovskaya tower - opposite the Tilovskaya and Zubtsovskaya towers overlooking the taiga.

In the Kremlin itself there were two churches - Trinity and Assumption, the governor's courtyard, customs, a hut, and a prison. There were only one hundred officially registered sovereign people - archers and Cossacks.

200 huts, a church, a guest courtyard, a public bathhouse, barns, trading shops, and inns were built. More than a thousand people lived in the settlement. These were artisans, mostly foundries and blacksmiths, as well as traders and fishermen. There were many temporary residents in the city, mostly merchants, as well as tramps, drunkards and dissolute women.

Golden Mangazeya

What was Mangazeya rich with, what was so special about this city? Fishing and trading of gold junk was the name given to the skins of fur-bearing animals, which were found in abundance in the area. Hunters flocked here from all over the Tazovsky region, most of whom were aborigines. Here the role of money was played by the skins of fur-bearing animals; sable fur was especially highly valued.

Merchants carried essential goods, mainly salt, flour, other products, clothing and household utensils, which were exchanged for fur. Metal products were also highly valued, so the bulk of the inhabitants of the posad were craftsmen. Fish farming and cattle breeding flourished, and shipping was developed.

Why did the city disappear?

In 1671, the garrison was ordered to leave the city along with the residents and move to the Turukhansk winter quarters, where the new Mangazeya was founded. Now this is the city of Staroturukhansk. The main reasons for the disappearance are:

• The closure of the sea passage to was founded on the initiative of the state as a stronghold for and for the collection of yasak. It brought huge profits to the treasury. English, Dutch and German merchants traded here. Rumors about sparsely populated lands reached the governments of these countries. The king, fearing the interest of foreigners, issued a decree to close the sea passage under penalty of death. Foreign traders, and with them Russian Pomor merchants, no longer came here. This is the main reason that turned Mangazeya into a disappeared city.
• A sharp reduction in the number of fur-bearing animals.
• Introduction of new customs rules when trading became unprofitable.
• Fires.
• Hunger. From 1641 to 1644, due to strong storms, not a single kocha with bread or salt came to the city. Hunger and disease began.
• Wealth and remoteness were the reason for the boundless arbitrariness of the governors. The enmity between the two governors - Palitsyn and Kokarev, led to armed confrontation.

Gradually, the remains of the settlement without inhabitants were destroyed and overgrown with taiga. Stories about golden Mangazeya turned into legends and tales that excited the imagination of people trying to find the remains of the fairy-tale city.

The Mangazeya group of companies is a fast-growing Russian private structure, based on rich organizational and managerial experience, professionalism and energy of personnel, clear and verified development programs, high tech and modern equipment, as well as stable factors of financial and economic growth in the medium and long term.

Mangazeya Group of Companies aims to both strengthen and expand its presence in its traditional areas of business activity, and to open new areas of activity, including in the markets of foreign countries.

Principles:

Open, honest, mutually beneficial and equal cooperation with partners, clients and employees

Rational and careful use of human resources, the desire to maximize the professional capabilities of employees and respect for their legal rights.

Story

• In 2001, Sergei Yanchukov established the Clearing-Nafta company, which was engaged in the export of oil and petroleum products.
• In 2007, Sergei Yanchukov gained control of the Mangazeya Oil Company, which has licenses to develop gas condensate fields in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
• In 2012-2013, the development and gold mining divisions of the Group were created: Mangazeya Development and Mangazeya Gold.
• Based on the results of 2015, the gold mining division of the Mangazeya Group of Companies (Mangazeya Mining company) became the leader in the growth rate of gold production in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
• In 2015, the Mangazeya oil company began designing the Terelskoye field.
• The result of Mangazeya Development’s work in 2016 was the completion of construction and commissioning of the company’s first project – the Izmailovo Lane residential complex.
• In 2016, Mangazeya Gold began preparations for the construction of the Nasedkino mining and processing complex.

For partners:

We offer participation in projects for the exploitation of gold deposits, gas condensate deposits, geological exploration, and construction of residential complexes.

We are interested in:

• additional investments and projects
• new technologies and equipment
• advanced organizational and management experience

Geography of activity

Residential complex
"Izmailovo Lane"

House
"Marina Grove"

Residential complex
"Picasso"

Residential complex
"YOU AND ME"

Terelskoye deposit

Savkinskoye deposit

Nasedkino deposit

Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya Square

• Gold mining

  • Savkinskoye deposit
  • Nasedkino deposit
  • Zolinsko-Arkiinskaya Square

• Gas production

  • Terelskoye deposit

• Construction

  • "Izmailovo Lane"
  • "Marina Grove"
  • "Picasso"
  • "YOU AND ME"

KEY PRIORITIES AND VALUES

Our main priority is to build a strong and reliable industrial group that successfully operates in various sectors of the economy and, under any circumstances, fulfills its obligations to clients and partners.

We implement an honest and responsible approach to building a business, giving priority to the interests of investors in strict accordance with the law and taking into account the interests of local communities.

We ensure the dynamic development of existing and new assets by attracting the best specialists, modernizing production processes and equipment, ensuring high quality products for the end consumer.

We participate in charitable projects to protect the environment, support children's educational institutions, social infrastructure and sports.

• Targeted financial assistance children's preschool and school educational institutions.
• Support socially significant programs and objects of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• Construction of multifunctional residential complexes with social infrastructure in Moscow

Functional structure

Legal support for business Victoria Igorevna Mitronina Administrative Director Ilya Vladimirovich Sedov Director of Information Technology Management information technologies Polyakov Vladimir Pavlovich Director of foreign economic relations Department for Foreign Economic Relations Kashuba Roman Sergeevich Director for Strategy and Investments Directorate for Strategy and Investments Grigoriev Anton Pavlovich Director for legal support of strategic projects and corporate activities Karelin Dmitry Valerievich Director for legal support in the field of subsoil use Boyko Alexander Nikolaevich Director for legal support of development activities and construction Arutyunyan Lyudmila Oganesovna Deputy general director for operational control and audit Operational control and audit Oil Company Gold Development Yanchukov Sergey Valentinovich Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies, Chairman of the Board of Directors, General Director of the corporate center

Polyakov
Vladimir Pavlovich

Director for Foreign Economic Relations

In 1994 and 1996 Graduated from the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov in the specialties of “philology” and “political science” of Asian and African countries.” In 2005, he graduated from the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade with a degree in foreign economic activity of an enterprise. From 1999 to 2013, he worked on the staff of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in China. Since 2013 – Director for Foreign Economic Relations of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Kashuba
Roman Sergeevich

Director of Strategy and Investments, Mangazeya Center LLC
Director of Business Development, Mangazeya Development LLC

Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations with a degree in finance and credit.

For ten years, he held various positions in the Troika Dialog group of companies, a leading Russian investment bank, and later in Sberbank CIB, the investment division of the largest bank in Russia. Russian Federation, where he provided investment banking services to companies in the mining industry in Russia and the CIS.

Since 2014, he has been working at Mangazeya Group of Companies in management positions.

Currently he holds the position of Director for Strategy and Investments of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Center LLC
• Strategy and Investment Department of Mangazeya Gold LLC
• Business Development Department of Mangazeya Development LLC

Grigoriev
Anton Pavlovich

Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects and Corporate Activities

In 2013, he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation with a degree in Jurisprudence with knowledge of a foreign language.

From 2011 to 2014 he worked at Technoservice Management LLC.

Since 2014 he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC.

Since July 2018, he has held the position of Director for Legal Support of Strategic Projects of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Department of legal support for strategic projects of Mangazeya Center LLC

Boyko
Alexander Nikolaevich

Director for Legal Support of Development Activities and Construction

In 1995 he graduated from Rostov State University majoring in jurisprudence.

Before joining the Mangazeya group in December 2014, he held the position of Director of Legal Affairs at National Investment and Construction Committee LLC.

Karelin
Dmitry Valerievich

Director for legal support in the field of subsoil use

Graduated from the Chita State Pedagogical Institute named after. N.G. Chernyshevsky, specialty: teacher of Chinese and English languages, translator-referent of the Chinese language." Graduated from Transbaikal State Pedagogical University named after. N.G. Chernyshevsky, majoring in law.

Since 1997 he has held leadership positions. From 1997 to 2008, he worked in the Department of Justice of the Chita Region in the positions of deputy chief bailiff - head of department, justice adviser, and later - deputy general director for legal and legal issues. Since 2008, he has been appointed director of the representative office of JSC Zhirekensky Mining and Processing Plant.

Since 2014, he has been working at Mangazeya Center LLC and currently holds the position of Director of Legal Affairs.

Fodor
Elena Alexandrovna

Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance, Mangazeya Center LLC

In 1992, she graduated from the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute, Faculty of Economics and Organization in Construction, with a degree in Economics Engineer.

At the beginning of her career she worked in the State Tax Inspectorate and municipal government structures. From 2000 to 2003 - chief accountant in various commercial structures. From 2003 to 2011 – financial director in one of the subsidiaries of AHML JSC. Then she worked as financial director of O1Group for 3 years.

Since 2014 – Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Development LLC.

Since May 2018 - Deputy General Director for Economics and Finance of Mangazeya Center LLC.

Functional subordination:

• Financial and economic management of Mangazeya Center LLC
• Department of Accounting, Tax Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards Mangazeya Center LLC
• Financial department of Mangazeya Gold LLC
• Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• Accounting and tax department of Mangazeya Zoloto LLC
• Accounting Group SBE Agro
• Financial department of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Planning and economic department of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Accounting of Mangazeya Development LLC
• Accounting SBE GAZ

Founder and owner of the Mangazeya group of companies,

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Born on December 15, 1975 in Odessa. In 1999 he graduated from Odessa State Economic University with a degree in finance. Qualification - "economist".

In 2001, he founded a trading company for the sale and export of oil and petroleum products. In 2007, he acquired a controlling stake in OJSC Oil Company Mangazeya, which belonged to the Russian Federation, and headed the company. In 2011-2012 created the Mangazeya Group of Companies, which included the development company Mangazeya Development, the oil company Mangazeya and the gold mining company Mangazeya Mining.

Since 2015, he has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra and the Moscow Theological Academy.

Sergei Yanchukov is married. Has six children.

Enjoys hockey alpine skiing and cycling.

Mangazeya was the first Russian polar city built in the north of Western Siberia. This city was called the “gold-boiling patrimony”; people sought here for the difficult Russian northern happiness, which was built on labor and profit.

Tireless labors

The great advance of the Russian people to Siberia is shrouded in secrets and legends. The development of Siberia is a feat of the Russian people, before which the enterprises of the “various Cortez and Pisars” in America pale in comparison. One of these secrets is connected with the legendary Mangazeya, fabulous city, where enterprising Pomors lived, brave sailors and explorers who discovered the northernmost peninsula of Eurasia - the Taimyr Peninsula - to the world.
At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. Siberia was actively developed “through the tireless labors of our people.” And, as M.V. rightly noted. Lomonosov, “Pomeranian residents from the Dvina and from other places near the White Sea, the main thing is to take part.”

During the movement of the Pomors “meeting the sun” (to the east), permanent settlements appeared on the territory of Siberia - wooden “fortresses”, winter huts and forts. one of the first such urban settlements was Mangazeya, built in the lower reaches of the Taza River. She became the first polar sea and river port Siberia. And the Mangazeya sea passage led into it. This was the name in those distant times for the first Arctic highway connecting the White and Barents Seas with the Kara Sea.

Why Mangazeya?

The fabulous name, so unusual for Russian cities, keeps its secret. There is a version according to which the name “Mangazeya” comes from the name of the Nenets tribe Malgonzei who lived in those parts. According to the historian Nikitin, the name Molgonzeya goes back to the Komi-Zyryan word molgon - “extreme” “ultimate” - and means “outlying people”. We do not know the exact date of the founding of the city; it is approximately known that it existed already at the beginning of the 17th century.

In winter, on sledges, and in summer, on koches, karabas and plows, large masses of commercial and industrial people came to Mangazeya through the polar seas, swamps and small tributaries. People called Mangazeya “the golden-boiling sovereign’s estate,” meaning its fur riches. For their sake, brave traders and hunters flocked here; they were ready to endure hardships just to get rich later.

Saints of the Russian North

What was this “ornately decorated” city like? It had a wooden fortress-kremlin, a fortress wall, a suburb, a cemetery, three churches, a guest house, and “sovereign granaries.” Mangazeya was no different from other logged medieval cities of the Pomeranian North. The Pomors also brought the memory of the saints of the Russian North to this circumpolar region: Procopius of Ustyug, the Solovetsky wonderworkers, and Metropolitan Philip. One of the churches was erected in honor of Mikhail Malein and Macarius of Zheltovodsky, revered in the North. Revered throughout Pomerania, Nicholas the Wonderworker had his own chapel in the cathedral Trinity Church. There was also a saint here - Vasily of Mangazeya, who was considered the patron saint of industrial people.

Churches and other buildings stood on permafrost, so the foundations of the buildings were strengthened on a layer of frozen construction chips.

World

The Mangazeya community (“world”) differed from the zemstvo worlds in the homeland of the Pomors in that it united not a territory, not a volost or a district with a permanent population, but those trade and industrial people who found themselves in the “gold-boiling patrimony.” Whoever ended up in Mangazeya became one of their own. Harsh life united people.

Information about Mangazeya is very fragmentary and mostly shrouded in mystery. There was also a chronicle of Mangazeya, but it disappeared. The rich city quickly appeared and disappeared. Its existence lasted no more than seventy years. The reasons why people left here for Novaya Mangazeya - Turukhansk are not fully understood. It, like the fairy-tale city of Kitezh, disappeared, but was preserved in people's memory as a land of fabulous wealth, where dreams come true.

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River at the confluence of the river. Mangazeikas.

In the monument of ancient Russian literature "The Legend of Unknown Men in eastern country and tongues of roses" the end - beginning of the 16th century, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and which is a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the “Ugra land”, it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Ugra land above the sea, live the Samoyed people, called Molgonzea. And their food is deer meat and fish, and they eat each other..."

see also

• Vasily Mangazeisky - Siberian first martyr

Notes

Literature

• Belov M.I. Mangazeya: Material culture of Russian polar sailors and explorers of the 16th-17th centuries. Part 1-2. M., 1981.
• Belov M.I. Pinega chronicler about the exploratory campaign of the Pomors in Mangazeya (late 16th century) // Manuscript heritage of Ancient Rus'. Based on materials from the Pushkin House. L., 1972. S. 279-285.
• Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya. Mangazeya sea passage. Part 1. L., 1980. 163 p.
• Butsinsky P. N. Essays. T. 2. Mangazeya. Surgut, Narym and Ketsk. Tyumen, 2000. 267 p.
• Bychkov A. A.“The original Russian land of Siberia.” M.: Olympus: AST: Astrel, 2006. 318 p. - ISBN 5-271-14047-4
• Vershinin E. V. On the correlation of data from written sources and archeology during the excavations of Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium " Cultural heritage peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 14-18.
• Vizgalov G. P. Russian townsman house-building in the north of Western Siberia in the 17th century (based on materials from new studies of Mangazeya) //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 19-25.
• Kosintsev P. A., Lobanova T. V., Vizgalov G. P. Historical and environmental studies in Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 36-39.
• Lipatov V. M. Legends and true stories about Vasily Mangazeisky // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 40-43.
• Nikitin N. I. The Siberian epic of the 17th century: The beginning of the development of Siberia by Russian people. M.: Nauka, 1987. 173 p.
• Nikitin N. I. Russian exploration of Siberia in the 17th century. M.: Education, 1990. 144 p. - ISBN 5-09-002832-X
• Parkhimovich S. G. Magical building rituals in Mangazeya //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 47-53.
• Parkhimovich S. G. New studies of the Mangazeya settlement // Tyumen Land: Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore: 2005. Vol. 19. Tyumen, 2006. pp. 159-167. - ISBN 5-88081-556-0
• Solodkin Ya. G. Governors and written heads of Mangazeya in the first half of the 17th century (New materials) // Western Siberia: history and modernity: Notes on local history. Vol. 4. Tyumen, 2001. pp. 16-19.
• Poletaev A.V. Autumn of Mangazeya (Two documents on the history of “old” Mangazeya)
• Portal R. La Russes en Sibérie au XVII siècle // Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine. 1958. Janvier-Mars. P. 5-38. Rus. Transl.: Roger's Portal. Russians in Siberia in the 17th century

Links

• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the website of the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex named after I. S. Shemanovsky)
• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the “History in Stories” website)
• P. N. Butsinsky On the history of Siberia. Mangazeya and Mangazeya district (1601-1645).

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010. IN 1601 by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, it was founded in the lower reaches of the Taz River, near the Yenisei portages. city ​​of Mangazeya

. In the local Zyryan dialect the word meant “land near the sea.” The city was built near the shores of the Ob Bay - a bay of the Kara Sea.

These shores are inhospitable: grass-covered hummocks, bushes, low-growing trees. Not a soul around. Only splashes of waves hitting the high right bank of the river. Nothing disturbed the sleep of the local land until the Tsar’s people came and began to cut down trees and erect fortress walls of the future trading settlement.

The “Painted List” for 1626 says: “above the Taz River... stood a beautiful chopped five-tower Kremlin - Detynets...”

Mangazeya became the final point for merchant trade caravans from Europe to Siberia. It completed the Man-Gazea sea route, an ancient Arctic route that connected Russian Pomerania (White Sea) with the great Yenisei. Peasants from all over Rus' flocked to the city, looking for freemen and wanting to get rich in the sable industry.

Life began to boil in Mangazeya very quickly. The trading people were not transferred either in winter or in summer. There was so much money and goods that it was enough to rebuild the church and the guest courtyard, and they also furnished their own courtyards very well.

There were all sorts of rumors about the wealth of Mangazeya and it was no coincidence that it was nicknamed “boiling gold.” The city bigwigs fought, as usual, over money. In 1630, as a result of an artillery duel between adherents of two Mangazeya governors who had quarreled, Grigory Kokorev and Andrei Palitsyn, the famous Gostiny Dvor was destroyed.

In 1642, the city was badly burned, and in 1672, by the next order of the new Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, it was completely abandoned. The district center, such as it was, moved to the banks of the Yenisei River, to the Turukhansk winter quarters - to Novaya Mangazeya.

Centuries have passed - more than 300 years - and a scientific expedition of the Institute of the Arctic and Antarctic, led by Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail Ivanovich Belov, went to the places where the once “gold-boiling” Mangazeya became famous. Researchers quickly found traces of an urban settlement beyond the Arctic Circle.

Excavations have shown that Mangazeya was a typical medieval Russian city with a Kremlin and a suburb, with craft workshops and shopping arcades. Three are well preserved Kremlin towers- Spasskaya, Uspenskaya and Ratilovskaya; the other two were washed away by an earlier landslide.

The fortress walls were erected in 1604 by the Moscow governors, Prince Mosalsky and boyar Pushkin. The former voivode's courtyard was excavated on an area of ​​800 square meters. In the central part of the settlement, the remains of buildings - foundries - were discovered, and in them, among the slag, were parts of crucibles and smelting furnaces.

Unprocessed precious stones were found in the jeweler's home - agates, carnelians, emerald grains, silver and copper rings, rings and crosses. A shoemaker's workshop was excavated with a bunch of leather scraps and a special shoemaker's knife.

On the banks of the Taz River there were also the remains of a guest courtyard and there lay magnificent bone and wooden chessboards, chests, sledges, skis, knives and axes, drills, earthenware and glassware, leather shoes, clothes and much more. Among the finds are a remarkable comb carved from mammoth bone, several hundred coins from the times of Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, Boris Godunov, and copper coins of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the very ones whose release caused the famous “copper riot” in Moscow.

The researchers determined not only the boundaries of the Kremlin and the contours of the settlement, but also traces of three religious buildings, primarily the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, the Assumption Church, which stood behind the fortress wall, and the chapel of St. Vasily of Mangazeya - a young man who was villainously killed by local pagans. The story goes that after a fire in 1642, the coffin with Vasily “came out” of the ground, after which miracles of healing occurred among those who touched the relics of the young man. Later, Vasily’s coffin was taken to Novaya Mangazeya.

The famous trading post existed in the north of Tyumen for only a few decades. Many trading people came to him from Rus' - Permyachs and Vyatchans, and Vymyachis and Pustozerts, and Usoltsy, and Vazhan, and Kargopol and Dvivyans, and Vologda - and trading people of all Moscow cities...”

We walked along the streets paved with the keels of ancient ships - kochas - laid on edge. They had a chance to see Mangazeya in all its splendor, listen to the ringing of the bells of wooden churches, live in houses with double walls for protection from the northern winds...

Nowadays, only imagination allows us to restore the appearance of the once noisy polar “city of Kitezh”. Mangazeya flashed on the pages of history and sank into oblivion. A third of the ancient settlement has already been taken away by the river, but what M.I.’s expedition was able to save and preserve for posterity. Belova is an invaluable asset to Russia.

Irina STREKALOVA