Switzerland is a country that attracts tourists all year round. It has elegant cities with a unique flavor and famous resorts with comfortable hotels. Nature generously gave Switzerland magnificent mountains, clear transparent lakes and amazing hillsides. Picturesque nature with beautiful landscapes and famous creations of mankind are concentrated on the territory of the country. Each visitor to the country will find what he likes due to the presence of a relaxing and active holiday. And every guest will remember the sights of wonderful Switzerland forever.

General information

• The official name of the country is the Swiss Confederation.
• The capital of the country is the city of Bern.
• Form of government - federal republic
• The state is located in Western Europe. Switzerland has borders with France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has no access to the sea.
• The area of ​​the territory is 41.3 thousand square meters. km.
• The largest cities are Bern, Geneva, Zurich, Lucerne, Basel, Lausanne, Lugano.
• The population of the country is about 7 million people.
• The official languages ​​are French, German, Italian, Romansh.
• The main religions are Catholicism and Protestantism.
• The official currency is the Swiss franc.
• Time zone UTC+1.

Climate

It is as contrasting as nature. In Switzerland, both the tropics and the Arctic meet. The role of the climatic barrier is performed by the Alps, they also influence the climate. In the northern and central part, due to the influence of the Atlantic, winters are severe, while in the southern part the climate is sunny, mild and Mediterranean. Significant fluctuations differ in the weather in different parts of the Alps. Frequent rains are typical for high mountain areas. Sunny and relatively dry prevails in the Alpine valleys. In general, the climate of Switzerland moderate. This country is not characterized by extreme manifestations of cold, heat or humidity. The temperature in July-August is 18-27 °C, and in January-February it fluctuates between -1 and 5 °C. Location above sea level affects temperature.

Briefly about history

The name of the country received from one small canton Schwyz. In 1291 the leaders of the cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden met and formed an alliance against the House of Habsburg - this refers to the founding of the Swiss state. After that, other regions and cities joined, who wished to maintain their independence.

The excavations that were already carried out in modern Switzerland indicate that people also lived in this area during the cave period, even though the weather was then much harsher and colder. In 107 BC. e. Romanesque tribes appeared in this territory, but because of the mountainous terrain they did not completely conquer it. They were supplanted already in the 5th century by the German tribe of Atelmans. In 1032, the state area was connected to the Roman Empire. It was still far from centralized control and order. The situation changed when Habsburg family came to power. In the future, this dynasty became very powerful in Central Europe.

The local aristocracy in 1291 felt that the time had come for independence. They soon made progress: in 1499 the country gained independence from the Roman Empire, and won a victory over the forces of Venice and France in 1515. But the Swiss had to realize that victory over large states that are superior in armament and numbers cannot be achieved. Therefore, they abandoned the expansion of lands and proclaimed neutrality.

The Reformation began in Europe in 1517. The mass discontent of different segments of the population of Europe was the main cause of the religious movement. Despite the fact that the central part of Switzerland was Catholic, Protestant teachings quickly spread throughout the country. When confrontations Christian movements turned into the "Thirty Years' War" - a serious armed conflict that affected all European countries to one degree or another, Switzerland took a neutral side and closed the borders. Nevertheless, she did not manage to avoid trouble: the army of Napoleon Bonaparte captured Switzerland in 1798. Only in 1815 the French were expelled from Swiss lands.

A federal constitution was adopted in Switzerland in 1848. To resolve state issues, they began to convene a federal assembly, the capital of the country became Berne. Switzerland, having gained stability, began to deal with economic and social problems. Access to the Alpine regions was opened by the massive construction of railways and roads, which attracted thousands of tourists to the state.

The global events of the 20th century bypassed Switzerland. In World War I, her participation was in the creation of Red Cross detachments. And the Second World War brought new financial flows to the country. The banks of Switzerland kept the capital of Germany. At a time when the countries of Europe were recovering from hostilities, Switzerland continued its industrial and economic development. International organizations have their headquarters in Geneva, and in Zurich, international insurance and banking centers.

Attractions

Ancient castles, cities, monuments and resorts in Switzerland will allow tourists to choose the best. Mountain, sightseeing, ecological, medical, winter and other types of tourism are widespread in the country.

IN Zurich with interesting Gothic architecture, it is recommended to visit the churches of Grüssmünster and Fraumünster, the Bahnhofstrasse street, and take a walk along the lake. IN Lucerne you need to walk along the streets with painted houses, walk along the wooden bridge with frescoes. Can be seen in Geneva 140-meter fountain that beats from Lake Geneva, St. Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of international organizations. IN Montreux you can visit Chillon Castle. It is recommended to get acquainted with the Swiss thermal springs, primarily the Leukerbard, Yverdon and Bad Ragaz. Each ski resort has its own advantages. Zermatt is a famous resort where the famous “falling” track from a height of 2627 m is located. St. Moritz there are more than 350 km of slopes and 60 lifts, in Saas Fee there is a glacier, which is also used in summer. Will not bring labor from Interlaken get to the top of the Jungfrau.

National cuisine

For gourmets, Switzerland is a real paradise. Swiss food, like the nation, is a symbiosis of German, Italian and French cuisines. With the external diversity of tastes in different parts of the Alpine country, the inhabitants have at least two symbols of the highest quality - this cheese and chocolate. Almost every canton has its own varieties.

Against the backdrop of a general obsession with diets delights of chefs in Switzerland may seem inappropriate. Fragrant potatoes, ruddy sausages, melted cheese, delicious sauces - it is simply impossible to resist these goodies.

Fondue and raclette These are Swiss melted cheese dishes. Fondue was first made in Neuchâtel. Raclette is served on a warm plate. During a tour to Switzerland, you must try Zurich-style chopped veal with traditional Swiss potatoes. In the vicinity of Lake Geneva, guests will be offered oil-fried perch fillets. It is served with lemon slices, and boiled potatoes will be a side dish.

Minestrone Soup- This is a thick vegetable soup that is unusual and very tasty. It includes potatoes, tomatoes, rice, beans, peas, carrots, leeks, cauliflower and grated cheese. This soup is a traditional dish in Ticino. Graubünden barley soup is another famous first course. It is made from smoked beef, cabbage and, naturally, barley.

To try an amazing dessert, it is worth taking a vacation to Switzerland. "Zuger Kirshtort"- This is a cherry cake made of puff pastry and the most delicate butter cream. It is sprinkled with nuts and soaked in cherry liqueur.

Amazing in their diversity and swiss wines. This is the freshness of aromas and a rich palette of tastes. At present, Swiss wines win top prizes at international competitions and receive the highest marks. Merlot (Ticino), Dole (Valais), Fendan (Valais), Aminier (Valais) are original and expressive Swiss wines.

Fresh unfiltered beer loves the locals. In addition to it, the Swiss drink different drinks and the strongest schnapps. The culture of consumption and the tradition of schnapps production came from Germany. In cold weather, locals sip cafe-ferzig, the recipe of which consists of one-third schnapps and two-thirds coffee. It is served in a glass with a curved stem.

customs and practices

The old customs in Switzerland are treated very carefully. Many traditions are local in nature and exist only in individual cantons.

singing competitions in Zurich or Basel carnival are famous folklore holidays. In the spring, a trip to the Alps will be interesting, when the peasants drive their cattle to pasture. This ordinary event turns into a small holiday. Cow fighting in Nizhny Val is the main event of this holiday. The inhabitants of the Catholic cantons are distinguished by adherence to ancient customs.

The people in Switzerland are hospitable and friendly. Literally everywhere there is order and cleanliness. The Swiss respect punctuality and goodwill, so they demand the same from others. The country appreciates comfort and convenience.

Local residents value their personal lives, so they behave inconspicuously and quietly in crowded places. In a restaurant or train, loud conversation will be perceived negatively and considered bad manners. You can not be afraid to be in a sparsely populated area at night, because the country has a deep concern for order and security.

Purchases

Undoubtedly, Swiss goods are a symbol of quality. Shopping in Zurich can be described as stylish and expensive. Central Bahnhofstrasse in abundance with bright and expensive shop windows. All one and a half kilometers of the street can be walked not at a fast pace in about 30 minutes. During this time, you can get from the simplest shops to elite boutiques.

Traditionally sale seasons in Switzerland take place in the middle of summer and before Christmas. This is very beneficial for tourists, because in winter the country invites skiers to the steep slopes, and in summer it is a paradise for those who love hiking and cycling. During the sales season, you can purchase goods with a discount of more than 50%.

Swiss watch is a product that deserves special attention. Popular brands of watches can be bought in the country for a reasonable price. Switzerland offers a wide range of watches from famous companies.

Another well-known delicacy is swiss chocolate. A true sweet lover simply needs to try the creation of Swiss chocolatiers. Chocolate in the country is represented by different varieties and a variety of colorful packaging.

pocket knives- This is another popular Swiss-made product. Quality and functionality are the main features of a knife. More than twenty different tools and blades can fit in the handle. How much it is necessary to judge users.

The symbol of Switzerland is a cow that grazes in the Alpine meadows. The main souvenir is associated with this image - bells. Other Swiss souvenirs that tourists can bring home are wood crafts, music boxes, ceramics and other handicrafts, as well as books and antiques.

The credo of Swiss stores is friendly staff and excellent service. The buyer in any store will be served at the highest level.

Switzerland is a small country, but amazing. If there is a corner of safety and tranquility in the world, then this is exactly it - a symbol of prosperity and prestige, a country with breathtaking ski resorts, the most stable banks, the most accurate clocks and the most delicious cheese in the world. Coming again and again to Switzerland, travelers will be able to discover something new every time.

is a mountainous country located in the southern part of Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. It borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein.

The name comes from the name of the canton of Schwyz, derived from the ancient German "burn".

Official name: Swiss Confederation

Capital: Berne

The area of ​​the land: 41.3 thousand sq. km

Total population: 8.6 million people

Administrative division: Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).

Form of government: Federal parliamentary republic. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government.

Head of State: The president is elected by parliament for a year from among the members of the government.

Composition of the population: 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian and 1% Romansh.

Official language: German, French, Italian and Romansh are the national and official languages ​​of the Swiss Confederation.

Religion: 50% - Catholics, 48% - Protestants.

Internet domain: .ch

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +41

Country barcode: 760-769

Climate

Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north.

In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At this time, the minimum temperature is -1...-4, the maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, in the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum falls on the summer period (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum for the period from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).

In the south, winter temperatures are almost the same, and summer temperatures are higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum temperature is +26...+28. There is more rainfall in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation per month falls here, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).

The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. It is snowy in the highlands in winter. The temperature for most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February) at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees in the daytime). The maximum snow height is observed, as a rule, in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters, it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.

Geography

Swiss Confederation, state in Central Europe. According to the state structure - a federal republic. The area of ​​the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border runs partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which starts in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

The Jura mountain range, the Swiss plateau (the so-called "middle lane") and the Alps are the three main geographical regions of the country.

Most of the country is located in the Alps. The average height of the mountains is 1,700 m. The snow limit lies at an altitude of 2,500 m. The Swiss Alps have about 100 mountains with a height of 4,000 m or more, as well as about 1,800 glaciers. The second highest mountain in Switzerland is the Jura. These mountains became famous thanks to the excavations, which resulted in the discovery of numerous remains of dinosaurs. It was at the place of excavations in the limestone mountains of the Jura that the name of the geological period was given.

In Switzerland you can find everything that is found in Europe. It has collected within its borders all the captivating contrasts inherent in this continent, offering the attention and feelings of the traveler a rare combination of natural and man-made sights.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the height above sea level. Broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate in the region of the Swiss plateau up to a height of 800 m. Above 1000 m, broad-leaved species remain mainly beech; spruces, pines, firs appear. And starting from a height of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azaleas, juniper.

The Swiss Plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, in some places pine is mixed with them. On the southern slope of the Alps, the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the slopes of the mountains, coniferous forests grow, forming a transitional belt between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentian and edelweiss are typical in summer.

Animal world

The animal world is severely depleted. While the snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tiers as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. In the Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, roe deer and chamois live, less often - alpine ibex and fox; there are also white partridge and several species of birds of prey. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.

In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, among birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, snow finch. On the shores of the lakes you can meet gulls, and in the lakes - trout, char, whitefish, grayling.

Attractions

Switzerland is an example of a classic tourist country - elegant cities and famous resorts with cozy hotels, majestic mountains, pristine lakes and picturesque hillsides. Here, in a small space, all the beauties of nature and outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated.

Small towns with a unique flavor abound in the country, such as Biel - the "watch capital" with two official languages, the famous Solothurn - a city with Baroque buildings and many cultural monuments, Chur - the oldest city in Switzerland (2500 BC. ), Disentis with an interesting Benedictine monastery and museum (VIII century), Münster with a Benedictine convent (VIII century, UNESCO protected cultural monument), Guarda and Splügen - typical alpine villages with many beautiful "chalets", the birthplace of Le Corbusier - La Chaux-de-Fonds with its International Watch Museum, Afoltern and Emmental, where famous cheese-making exhibitions are held, or Romont with its Swiss Museum of Glass Painting. Each such town has a unique charm and deserves special attention.

Banks and currency

Swiss franc (CHF), equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Banks and currency exchange are open from 8.00 to 16.00 (some until 17.00 - 18.00) on weekdays, a break from 12.00 to 14.00. Once a week banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8.00 to 22.00, often around the clock.

Many stores accept convertible currency and accept all major credit cards and traveler's checks. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at the exchange offices of large department stores, airports and some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is too high.

Useful information for tourists

There are no endemic infectious diseases in Switzerland. Vaccinations against those are not required upon entry, except for those who have been in an epidemic area 14 days prior to arrival in Switzerland. Swiss medical facilities are among the best in the world. In the event of a doctor's visit or hospitalization, you must pay a deposit in cash or traveler's checks or present health insurance. After your hospitalization, you will be sent an invoice, but you may be asked to pay on the spot.

The most popular among buyers are jewelry, watches and chocolate. All major jewelry firms have a representative office in Geneva. For Switzerland, watches have become the epitome of precision, elegance, a kind of world standard.

Tipping is usually not customary, except in restaurants, where tipping is 10% of the order value. We advise you to carefully read the bill, not out of economy, but to comply with tradition - and never exceed 10% of the tip. They are handed over only after they bring change up to a centime.

Each country has its own name and this name has its own history. Let's see where the name "Switzerland" comes from?

To begin with, let's clarify that the word "Switzerland" is a Russian-language adapted version of the German common name of the country Die Schweiz in modern spelling. Why do we start from the German name? Switzerland as a country and nation begins to take shape in the German-speaking space, and therefore German names are, in accordance with the principle of seniority, more "authentic".

So where did the name of the country come from? To begin with, let's specify, however, which one. The official German name for Switzerland is: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. How to translate it into Russian? With the first word, everything is clear, but what is Eidgenossenschaft? The German designations Eidgenonssenschaft / eidgenössisch are of an official-bureaucratic nature. These designations are based on the concept of Ei" or "oath", as well as Genossenschaft or "partnership".

One way or another, the name "Swiss oath partnership" is used only in Switzerland and only in German, and abroad, including in Russian, the French version of the Confédération suisse or the Swiss Confederation has got and entrenched. And this name also confuses many, especially when you read that "The Swiss Confederation is a federation." So what is a country after all, given that federation and confederation are two mutually exclusive forms of government?

In short, the situation looks quite simple: the Latin Confoederatio is in its meaning a direct translation of the concept of Eidgenossenschaft, but in fact it is just the same “federation” in the form as it was understood in the Middle Ages. Even more briefly: what in the Middle Ages was called "Confederation" means the form of government that is called "Federation" in the modern world. And then, given this semantic shift, everything more or less falls into place: modern Switzerland is a classical federation.

Context

One Switzerland and 26 cantons - outdated model?

30.07.2017

What is the basis of Swiss statehood?

30.07.2017

Rütli Meadow: "Where did Switzerland come from..."

30.07.2017

Democracy in Switzerland is the result of protests and riots

30.07.2017
Origin Region

Much more common, of course, is the name "Switzerland", which is a direct adaptation of the local toponym Schwyz. Today in Switzerland there is both the canton of Schwyz and its capital, the city of the same name. This region belongs to the number of original regions, whose representatives, according to legend, in 1291 signed the already mentioned "Union Letter". In addition, one of the most important battles took place here in 1315 (the Battle of Morgarten), in which the future Swiss defeated the troops of the Empire. Therefore, gradually the whole country began to be called by the name of the Schwyz region.

Another name for Switzerland is Confoederatio Helvetica. This Latin phrase refers to one of the tribes that inhabited the territory of present-day Switzerland. This tribe was called the Helvetians. It was the first tribe mentioned in written sources on the history of Switzerland. A short version of this name, Helvetia, is still used on postage stamps and coins to this day. In addition, Helvetica is the name of one of the most popular fonts, which you can read more about below.

The initial letters of the words Confoederatio and Helvetica also form abbreviations:

"CH": used as a Swiss domain name on the Internet and on license plates;

"CHF": international designation of the Swiss currency "Swiss franc";

"HB": national code used in civil aviation;

"HB9": national code used by radio amateurs.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

The report about Switzerland contains a brief description of the country. The story about Switzerland for children will be complemented by interesting facts about Switzerland.

Brief information about Switzerland

• Geographic location of Switzerland

Switzerland is located in the heart of Europe, between Lake Constance and Lake Geneva. The country is bordered to the north by Germany, to the east by Liechtenstein and Austria, to the south by Italy, and to the west by France.

• Languages ​​of Switzerland

The official languages ​​are German, French, Italian and Romansh. About 66% of the population speak German, 18% speak French, and 10% Italian.

• Population of Switzerland

The population of Switzerland is 8.4 million people (2016).

• Administrative structure of Switzerland

Form of government of Switzerland- a federal republic consisting of 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. Each canton has its own constitution, government and parliament, but the sovereignty of the cantons is currently significantly limited. The head of state and government is the president.

• Cities of Switzerland

The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

The big cities of Switzerland are Bern, Zurich, Geneva, Basel and Lausanne.

• Swiss industry

The most important industries are textile, clothing, engineering, food and chemical industries.

• Swiss nature

Switzerland is a land of mountains. These mountains are divided into three parts. The first is the Jura Mountains in the north. The second is the central Swiss plateau. And the third - the famous Alps in the south, occupying 60% of the territory of Switzerland.

There is no sea in Switzerland, but there are rivers. And the most stormy ones are Rein, Aare, Rona. There are enough forests in this country. And the lakes are so beautiful, clean and transparent that you can look at them like in a mirror.

Swiss watches, Swiss chocolate and cheese are famous all over the world.

Switzerland is famous for its mountain resorts.

And it is also famous for its banks, where the money of many rich people from different countries is stored.

The whole world knows this country as the birthplace of a folding knife with many blades.

The highest railway is also located in Switzerland. And the highest amazing station is located on the most beautiful peak of the Bernese Alps called the Jungfrau. Its height is 4158 meters.

Scientists Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Carl Jung, Albert Einstein, composers Richard Wagner and Sergei Rachmaninov lived and worked in Switzerland.

Switzerland receives 15% of its national income from the tourism industry.

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation- a small state in Central Europe, bordering Germany in the north, Italy in the south, France in the west, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east. The area of ​​the territory is 41,284 km².

Switzerland's northern border partly runs along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which starts in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva.
The country's territory is divided into three natural regions: the Jura mountains in the north, the Swiss plateau in the center, and the Alps, occupying 61% of the entire territory of Switzerland, in the south. The highest point of the country is Peak Dufort (4634 m) in the Pennine Alps, and the lowest point is Lake Maggiore (193 m).

The country is rich in rivers and lakes (most of them are of glacial origin). The Rhine, Rhone, Limmat, Aare flowing from the mountains are the largest rivers in the country.

Ten largest lakes in Switzerland:

Lake Geneva (582.4 km²)

Lake Constance (539 km²)

Lake Neuchâtel (217.9 km²)

Lago Maggiore (212.3 km²)

Lake Vierwaldstet (113.8 km²)

Lake Zurich (88.4 km²)

Lugano (48.8 km²)

Lake Thun (48.4 km²)

Lake Biel (40 km²)

Lake Zug (38 km²)

About 25% of the territory of Switzerland is covered with forests, they extend not only in the mountains, but also in the valleys, and on some plateaus.

Climate

Switzerland has a continental climate typical of Central Europe, but due to the complexity of the relief, the climatic conditions of individual regions are varied.

In the Alps, winter is relatively cold (temperatures drop to -10°C -12°C, sometimes lower), but almost always sunny. On peaks from 2500-3000 m snow lies throughout the year. About 65% of the annual precipitation here falls in the form of snow, so in winter, due to the accumulation of snow on the slopes, snowfalls occur. In summer, rains and fogs are frequent, and the weather can change very quickly from sunny to rainy.

On the Swiss plateau, winters are mild. The average temperature in January is about -2°C, if snow falls, it usually lasts only a few days. In December and January, strong winds blow from the Atlantic, bringing frequent rains and fogs, but the summer is warm (the average temperature in July is +18°C), and the autumn is long and sunny.

The mildest and warmest climate is in the inner mountain valleys and hollows, protected from the cold northern winds by mountains. For example, in the canton of Ticino, on the coast of lakes Lugano and Lago Maggiore, there are many sunny days (in summer the temperature can reach + 30 ° C), there are no large temperature drops and strong seasonal weather fluctuations. Here, palm trees, magnolias and other plants of the southern countries grow in the open ground, essentially like on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Population

The total population was estimated in 2008 to be 7,580,000, among them 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian and 7% other nationalities. More than 1 million foreigners live in Switzerland, which is 1/7 of the total population, in large cities the proportion of foreigners among residents rises to 1/5 - 1/3.

The population is mainly concentrated in the plateau area. Large industrial centers - Zurich, Basel and Geneva - are characterized by the highest population density.

Swiss citizens are very peaceful, friendly, polite and law-abiding people. They are traditionally conflict-free, reasonable and rationalistic. It is also worth noting the amazing punctuality of the Swiss. The standard of living in Switzerland is very high.

Language

Switzerland has 4 national languages: German (its local dialect is Schwitzerduch), French, Italian and Romansh.

Similarly, the Constitution determines that the official languages, i.e. German, French and Italian are the languages ​​in which legislation is drafted and the public communicates with federal authorities and courts. Romansh is not an official language due to the small number of speakers. However, it is widely used in official meetings with Romansh, who in turn may address authorities in their own language.

For the protection of linguistic minorities, the so-called “principle of territoriality” applies, i.e. respect for traditional linguistic boundaries and the exclusive use of the native language of a certain area in institutions, courts and schools.

The German language (the most common) is used by the inhabitants of the northern and northeastern parts of Switzerland (Zurich, Bern, etc.).

French is spoken mainly in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Friborg and Valais.

Italian is spoken mainly in the canton of Ticino, while Romansh is spoken only in the mountainous canton of Graubünden.

The local dialect of the German language - "Schwitzerduch" is very similar to classical German, so if you speak German, you will be perfectly understood.

Religion

Currently, Catholics make up about 50% of the population, Protestants - about 48%. Confessional differences in Switzerland do not always coincide with linguistic boundaries. Among the Protestants there are both French-speaking Calvinists and German-speaking followers of Zwingli. The centers of German-speaking Protestantism are Zurich, Bern and Appenzell. The majority of French-speaking Protestants live in the canton of Geneva and the neighboring cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel. Catholics predominate in central Switzerland around the city of Lucerne, in most of the French-speaking cantons of Friborg and Valais, and in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

There are also adherents of the Orthodox faith in Switzerland, one of the Orthodox parishes, founded in 1936 by Metropolitan Evlogy, is located in Zurich, and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin is located in Geneva under the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the World Council of Churches.

Switzerland also has small Jewish communities in Zurich, Basel and Geneva.

Approximately 400,000 Muslims live in Switzerland, mostly Turks and Kosovars. On November 29, 2009, in a popular referendum in Switzerland, an amendment to the constitution was adopted banning the construction of minarets in the country. In addition, kosher and halal slaughter of animals is prohibited in Switzerland due to their cruelty.

The Swiss can be proud of the fact that they are fluent in several foreign languages ​​and can communicate freely with people from different countries. However, knowledge of their own state languages, unfortunately, is deteriorating due to their preference for English. As a result, the four-lingual Switzerland is gradually turning into a "two and a half-lingual" country. In other words, many Swiss speak their mother tongue and English, but often only understand one of the four official languages.

Currency

The official currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc (CHF).

The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 1, 2 and 5 francs, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Almost all shops, hotels, restaurants and cafes accept all major credit cards for payment. Finding an ATM in the "country of banks" is also not difficult.

You can change money at any bank branch. Swiss banks are usually open from 8.30 to 16.30, except weekends. Once a week, banks work longer than usual, to clarify on which day it is necessary in each particular place.

You can also change money at the exchange offices of large department stores, airports, railway stations and stations. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8:00 to 22:00, sometimes around the clock.
However, it is better to change money before leaving, as in Switzerland itself the national currency is overpriced.

Most prices are quoted in both EUR and Swiss CHF. In some large stores, EUR is even accepted for payment, but the change is given out in Swiss CHF. Therefore, it is most convenient to pay with plastic cards.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Communication and communications

Phone code: 41

Swiss internet domain: .ch

Ambulance - 144, police - 117, firefighters - 118, roadside assistance - 140 (round the clock), traffic jams, condition of roads and passes - 163.

How to call

In order to call from Russia to Switzerland, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 41 - area code - subscriber number.

In order to call from Switzerland to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - area code - subscriber number.

Fixed line

While in Switzerland, you can call abroad from any telephone booth using coins or using a phone card, which can be purchased at any post office.

To call from one Swiss city to another, you need to dial the phone year of the city, starting with 0, and then the subscriber's number.

mobile connection

The Swisscom mobile network covers about 99% of the populated areas of the country. When entering Switzerland, the mobile phone usually searches for a suitable network on its own. For example, SWISS GSM appears on the display.

For information on the mobile network coverage of Swisscom Mobile, Switzerland's leading mobile operator, please visit www.swisscom-mobile.ch

Last changes: 05/24/2010

shopping

In small towns and villages, shops are open from 8.30 to 12.00 and again from 14.00 to 18.30 - on weekdays, on Saturday - from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 14:00 to 16:00. In large cities, shops do not close for lunch, but are closed on Monday in the morning, and on one of the weekdays (most often on Thursdays) they are open until 20:00.

Shops are closed on Sundays, except at the airport, some train stations and rest stops along major highways.

In terms of shopping, Switzerland attracts, first of all, with the excellent quality of goods produced in it. There are many different shops here, ranging from small shops with a cozy atmosphere to chic boutiques of famous and not so brands, as well as large department stores.

Chocolate, cheeses, coffee, local wines, famous penknives and music boxes, bed linen and tablecloths, embroidered towels, precision instruments, various souvenirs with Swiss symbols, as well as antiques are considered traditional "Swiss shopping". A shopping trip would be incomplete without buying the famous Swiss watches, which are much cheaper here than in other countries.

It is worth noting that in Switzerland there is a large selection of quality clothing and accessories, depending on the brands, at quite reasonable prices.

In most shops and supermarkets, the salespeople speak English.

VAT and tax-free:

Purchases over 400 francs in a single store can receive a VAT refund. Value Added Tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.6%. To receive a refund in the store, you need to receive a "Tax-free Shopping Check" (Global Refund Check) check, according to which, when leaving the country, you, as a foreign citizen, will be refunded the amount of VAT. Goods must be taken out of the country within 30 days.

In order to receive your money, you must:

1. In the shop

• After making a purchase at a store that is part of the Global Refund system (as evidenced by the presence of a brand name at the entrance to the store), ask for a Global Refund check for you, directly from the cashier, customer service department or the store's central accounting department.

Upon receipt of the check, make sure that your details (first name, last name, country of residence, home address and passport number) are filled out in the appropriate field on the check, and that the cashier's check is attached to the Global Refund check.

2. At customs

Immediately before you leave the internal market of the host country, you must present the purchased items and the Global Refund receipt at the border customs, on which the customs officers will put a mark confirming the export of the goods. Therefore, before leaving the country, the goods cannot be used (the goods must be labeled). Without a customs seal, a refund is not possible. At airports, customs clearance must be done even before baggage check-in.

3. You can receive money, according to the return option you have chosen:

• to a card (or bank account), which, in this case, must be indicated in the Global Refund check, while the check is sent by you to the address indicated on the envelope attached to the Global Refund check;
• in cash at the points of payment of the Global Refund company directly in the host country, after affixing the customs stamp;
• in cash in the country of arrival at the bank.

Last changes: 04/26/2013

Where to stay

Most of the hotels in the country are members of the Swiss Hotel Association. They have good and spacious rooms with all the services required for an institution of this category. However, hotels that are not members of the Association are usually also cozy and tidy. In general, Swiss hotels are better than the "middle European" ones. The price of breakfast (buffet) is usually included in the price of the room. For an additional fee, most hotels offer two or three meals a day.

Also throughout Switzerland there are about 80 hostels (youth hotels of economy class), the cost of living in such hotels is about 15 - 20 francs per day. It can accommodate both individual tourists and families, tourist groups and even groups of schoolchildren of various ages. To stay in such a youth hotel, a national or international Youth Hotel Card is required. There is no age limit, however, during the high season, persons under the age of 25 years have benefits.

There are also a large number of campsites in Switzerland, but it is important to note that camping is only allowed in specially designated areas. In the summer, when this type of vacation is very popular, it is recommended to book campsites in advance.

Another alternative to accommodation in the country during the holidays can be renting an apartment. This is especially practiced in the Swiss Alps. For example, a four-room apartment can accommodate 8-10 people. The cost of rent depends on such factors as: the prestige of the resort, the area of ​​​​the apartment, the cost of furniture and even kitchen utensils. It is also worth remembering that the price announced to you may not include a fee for bed linen, a deposit (on average 400 euros) in case you break or break something, and an accommodation fee (1 euro per person per day ). After you rent out your apartment, the so-called final cleaning is carried out in it, which you also have to pay: it will cost from 20 to 50 euros, depending on the size of the room.

Sea and beaches

A beach holiday in Switzerland is a holiday on the numerous lakes of the country.

Last changes: 01.09.2010

Story

The history of Switzerland is due to its special geographical position, which had a significant impact on the development of the state and society as a whole.

The Swiss Confederation in its modern form has existed only since 1848. Until that time, there was no Swiss history as such. We can only talk about the historical development of individual regions, later united into a single Swiss state.

The settlement of the territory of modern Switzerland began from time immemorial. Scientists believe that the first settlements arose here in the 12th millennium BC. At first, people lived in caves, and later - along the shores of lakes. Starting from 500 BC on the Swiss plateau lived mainly Celtic tribes, among which were the Helvetians. In 58 B.C. e. these lands, as a result of Caesar's campaign, were captured. In the next three centuries, Roman influence contributed to the development of the culture of the population and its Romanization.

In the 4th-5th centuries. AD The territory of present-day Switzerland was captured by the Germanic tribes of the Alemanni and Burgundians.

In the 6th-7th centuries. it became part of the kingdom of the Franks and in the 8th-9th centuries. was ruled by Charlemagne and his successors. Under Charlemagne, Switzerland was divided into ten counties (Gaue).

In 843, the Treaty of Verdun led to the division of Switzerland into parts: the western one, together with Burgundy, and the southern one, together with Italy, went to Emperor Lothair, the eastern one, along with all of Alemannia, went to King Louis the German. The subsequent fate of these lands is closely connected with the history of the Holy Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Carolingian empire, they were captured by the Swabian dukes in the 10th century, but they could not keep them under their rule, and the region broke up into separate fiefs. In the 12th-13th centuries. attempts were made to unite them under the rule of large feudal lords, such as the Zähringens, the founders of Bern and Friborg, and the Habsburgs. In 1264 the Habsburgs won a dominant position in eastern Switzerland. The Counts of Savoy were entrenched in the west.

Having tried to cancel the privileges of some local communities in order to unite their possessions, the Habsburgs encountered strong resistance. At the center of this resistance were the peasants who lived in the mountain valleys of Schwyz (hence the name of the country Switzerland), Uri and Unterwalden. On August 1, 1291, these "forest" cantons enter into an "Eternal Alliance", the meaning of which was reduced to mutual support in the fight against external enemies, and primarily with the Habsburgs. Thus the Swiss Confederation was founded. Traditionally, 1291 is considered the year of the formation of the Swiss Confederation.

The proof of the strength of the confederation was confirmed already in 1315, when the highlanders of the forest cantons faced the superior forces of the Habsburgs and their allies. At the Battle of Morgarten they won what is considered one of the most important victories in Swiss history. This victory encouraged other communities to join the confederation as well. In 1332-1353 the cities of Lucerne, Zurich and Bern, the rural communities of Glarus and Zug entered into separate agreements with the three united cantons, forming a number of confederations. Although these agreements did not have a common basis, they were able to ensure the main thing - the independence of each of the participants. Having been defeated in the battles of Sempach in 1386 and Nefels in 1388, the Habsburgs were finally forced to recognize the independence of the cantons, united in a confederation.

At the beginning of the 15th century the members of the confederation felt strong enough to go on the offensive. In the course of numerous wars and campaigns against the Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dukes of Savoy, Burgundy, as well as Milan and the French King Francis I, the Swiss secured a reputation for magnificent warriors. During the period of the "heroic age" of Swiss history (1415-1513), the territory of the confederation expanded by adding new lands in Aargau, Thurgau, Vaud, as well as south of the Alps, as a result of which 5 new cantons were created.

By 1798 Switzerland had become a confederation of 13 cantons. In addition to them, the confederation included lands that entered into an alliance with one or more cantons. There was no permanent central body: All-Union Diets were periodically convened, where only full-fledged cantons had the right to vote. There was no all-union administration, army and finance, and this situation remained until the French Revolution.

Religious reform, which began with an open challenge to the Roman Catholic Church by Huldrych Zwingli, split the country into two camps. The Zwinglian current of Protestantism subsequently merged with the current of John Calvin from Geneva into the Swiss Reformed Church. The cantons of central Switzerland remained Catholic. After short religious clashes, an approximate balance was established between the two religions.

In 1648 Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire was officially recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia.

In 1798 French troops invaded the country and occupied it. A single and indivisible Helvetian Republic is formed, which falls under the complete subordination of France.

After the defeat of the French, Switzerland regains its independence and retains its territorial borders. It already includes 22 cantons. After lengthy negotiations, a Union Treaty was drawn up, signed in September 1814. It proclaimed the union of 22 sovereign cantons, but did not indicate that they constituted one state. In the Declaration of the Congress of Vienna (March 1815) and the Treaty of Paris (November 1815), the Great Powers recognized the eternal neutrality of Switzerland.

In subsequent years, internal divisions between "conservative" and "radical" districts become more and more noticeable. The conflict came to a head when the radicals organized a military expansion against the canton of Lucerne, in response, Lucerne entered into an alliance with Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Friborg and Valais, called the Sonderbund. The civil war lasted only 26 days and led to the defeat of the Sonderbund. The war proved once again that the country is in deep crisis and needs radical reforms.

On September 12, 1848, the basic law of the Swiss Confederation was signed, which turned the country from a weak union of individual cantons into a union state with a strong political system. A new era begins in the history of Switzerland. A permanent body of executive power was created in the form of a federal council of seven members, elected by the legislature from two chambers - the national council and the council of cantons. The federal government was empowered to issue money, regulate customs regulations and, most importantly, determine foreign policy. Bern was chosen as the federal capital.

The revised constitution of 1874, with subsequent amendments, further strengthened the power of the federal government without compromising the federal basis of the Swiss state. Starting from the second half of the 19th century. a dense network of railroads is being built, industry is developing, especially mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and the manufacture of watches.

With the outbreak of the First World War, there was a threat to the national unity of Switzerland: the French-speaking Swiss were mainly sympathetic to France, and the German-speaking people to Germany. The role of Switzerland in World War II is ambiguous. Formally maintaining neutrality, the country bought peace at the cost of political and economic collaborationism. Switzerland opened huge loans to Germany, and also supplied the latest technology needed to strengthen the military potential.

With the end of World War II, Switzerland decided not to join the newly formed United Nations (UN) and acquired observer status, which allowed the European headquarters and several UN specialized organizations, including the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization, to be located in Geneva. This decision strengthened the position of Switzerland in international politics. This country is a member of several UN organizations: the International Court of Justice, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Switzerland provides significant assistance to developing countries.

In 1979, a new canton was formed in Switzerland, called the Jura.

In 1983, Switzerland became a full member of the Group of Ten, an association of the largest contributors to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

On December 12, 2008, Switzerland officially entered the Schengen visa-free area. On the borders of the country, passport control has been canceled at all ground checkpoints. At international airports, Switzerland has prepared its air terminals to serve intra-Schengen flights where passport control is not required, and separated these flights from other international terminals.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

For the Swiss, talking about salary or source of income is considered a closed topic. Even close friends do not dedicate each other to these issues.

Switzerland is considered to be a wealthy country, and the majority of the population live in abundance. Naturally, there are very rich people, but you don't see them on the streets. They live modestly and do not advertise their millions.

The list of 500 richest people in the world, compiled in 2007 by the American magazine Forbes, includes 8 representatives of Switzerland. Ernesto Bertarelli is recognized as the wealthiest Swiss. His fortune is 8.8 billion dollars.

Switzerland attracts wealthy foreigners. According to the Swiss magazine Bilanz, of the ten richest people in Switzerland, five have foreign citizenship. Their total wealth is CHF 103 billion. fr. (78 billion dollars). The richest foreigner living in Switzerland is the head of the Swedish company IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, whose fortune is $33 billion. He also ranks 4th on the Forbes list of the 500 richest people in the world.

In Switzerland, wine is the most popular alcoholic beverage. According to the results of 2005, the share of grape wines was 50% in total sales. Beer accounted for only one-third. The biggest beer drinkers, contrary to popular belief, are Italian-speaking, not German-speaking Swiss.

A characteristic feature of Swiss society, as well as European society as a whole, is late marriages. First they get a professional education, make a career and, having reached a certain position in society, decide to start a family. The average age at first marriage is about 29 for women and 31 for men.

Most often, young people formalize their family relationships immediately before the birth of their first joint child.

As for the number of children in a family, families with many children are rare. On average, a family does not have more than one or two children, as living expenses increase and large apartments become very expensive.

Only 1/3 of the Swiss population owns a home. Compared to other European countries, this is a very low figure.

The modern rules for obtaining citizenship in Switzerland are among the most complex in Western Europe, so the number of foreigners obtaining Swiss citizenship is much less than in any single European country. At the same time, the share of foreigners in the total population of Switzerland is very high, so in 2008. it amounted to 21.7%. It should be noted that the distribution of foreigners in Switzerland is very uneven.

Especially high percentage of foreigners among children. A census conducted in 2000 showed that 25.8% of children under the age of 6 did not have Swiss citizenship, and in five large cities of the country this number exceeded 45%. Approximately one in five children born in Switzerland has at least one parent with a foreign nationality.

Almost all pharmacies in Switzerland are closed on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, there are pharmacies on duty only in large cities, in this situation it does not hurt to take a standard set of medicines with you, which can be useful for minor ailments.

If you decide to travel around the country by car, you should remember that some sections of Swiss highways are tolled, so you will have to pay a fee when entering them.

Also, do not forget that for non-compliance with even elementary traffic rules in Switzerland, impressive fines are levied, and you will practically not see policemen on the roads, all violations are recorded by video cameras installed on the roads of the whole country.

Last changes: 20.01.2013

How to get there

Daily regular direct flights to Geneva and Zurich from Moscow are operated by Aeroflot (from Sheremetyevo-2) and Swiss (from Domodedovo). The duration of the flight to Geneva and Zurich is about three hours.

Also weekly Rossiya flights from St. Petersburg make flights to Geneva. In addition to direct regular flights, transit flights through Paris, Prague, Vienna, Dusseldorf and Amsterdam and other European cities are possible. Also, a flight to Switzerland can be made from the airports of such Russian cities as Samara, Yekaterinburg, Rostov, but all of them with transit in European cities.

During the ski season and New Year holidays, operators usually increase the number of flights and raise charters from Moscow to Geneva, Basel or Sion (which is located in close proximity to Zermatt, Verbier, Saas-Fee and Crans-Montana).

The airports of Geneva and Zurich are combined with railway stations, so any destination can be reached at maximum speed on the day of arrival.

You can also get from Moscow to Switzerland by train, which departs from the Belorussky railway station and arrives in the city of Basel. Travel time 1 day 15 hours.

Road from the CIS countries

Daily regular flights from Ukraine are operated by Ukrainian International Airlines and Swiss on the route Kyiv - Zurich. Austrian Airlines (via Vienna) and Malev (via Budapest) fly from Odessa to Geneva.

From the Belarusian capital, daily flights to Geneva are jointly carried out by Belavia and Austrian Airlines (via Vienna), Lufthansa planes fly twice a week via Frankfurt. On the route Minsk - Zurich, the national carrier of Belarus operates the following codeshare flights: once a week with LOT (via Warsaw), three times a week - with Czech Airlines (via Prague) and daily - with Austrian Airlines (via Vienna).

Regular flights of Turkish Airlines (via Istanbul), Lufthansa (via Frankfurt) and KLM (via Amsterdam) fly from Almaty to Geneva four times a week, British Airways planes (via London) fly three times a week.

Last changes: 07.02.2013