Towers of the Kazan Kremlin titles. Kazan Kremlin: how to get there and what to see in the "heart" of Kazan. Archaeological fragments of stone buildings of the XV-XVI centuries

Kazan Kremlin

In the UNESCO lists, it is listed as "the only surviving Tatar fortress." But, in order not to mislead you, let's tell the truth. In front of you is a Russian fortress, built on the site of the Tatar one by Pskov masters Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma.

The Tatar fortress was cut down from wood. Eyewitnesses describe oak walls in two rows, between which sand and stone were poured. The stone houses in the Kremlin itself and in the suburbs surrounding it were built from river rubble, which is “afraid” of fire and crumbles. Therefore, after the capture of Kazan, the city was built completely anew and today, alas, apart from the foundations, not a single building from the period of the Kazan Khanate has been preserved in it!

So we see spasskaya tower and on its sides - two later reconstructed turrets. In the one on the right, there was once a "Black" prison, in the basement of which the Yaik Cossack Emelyap Pugachev was kept.

Here he was imprisoned for the fact that "having drunk a pian, in taverns he called himself an empire." The prisoners got food for themselves, and so Pugachev walked all day long around the city with an escort, begging for alms. The soldier accompanying him was old and blind, and soon the Cossack fled. Right there in the city, he hid in a hole, then the Old Believers - "kindred souls" - transported him to the other side of the Volga, from where he went to the free Yaik. Just a year later, in July 1774, the Cossack returned as an “empiricist” and laid siege to the city. But Pugachev was prevented by the unbearable heat that prevailed that summer. The heat was such that "haystacks flared up in the meadows, and gunpowder in guns, and people were saved standing up to their necks in the river." Fire and looting started. Pugachev could no longer gather together his drunken army!

The Spasskaya Tower has survived to this day in its original form. Only the Outside Chapel was lost, which was, as it were, “stuck” in front of the entrance to the tower, and the double-headed eagle that crowned its top until the revolution of 1917, and a deep ditch was also filled up, over which a drawbridge was thrown. The tower itself was not always white stone, at one time it was painted with ocher.

Now let's enter the Kremlin. Pay attention to the thickness of the walls and the fastening loops left from the fortress gates. We are located on the shortest street in Kazan (about 500 meters long), which is named after the Red Commissar Yakov Sheinkman, who was shot by white Czechs near the walls of the Kremlin. The rebellious regiment of Czechs, in August 1918, knocked the Reds out of the city for two days, during which time the entire gold reserve of the Russian Empire disappeared from the vaults of the Kazan Bank, which was transported here shortly before from Moscow. They say that gold was taken from Kazan on sixteen carts towards the city of Laishev. Part of the supply was lost there ...

Near Kazan, Yaroslav Gashek, who later became a famous writer, went over to the side of the Reds. True, here he introduced himself by the name of his literary hero - Josef Schweik! He was appointed commandant of Bugulma, where, according to eyewitnesses, he zealously set to work. He passed sentence on the enemies of the revolution and carried it out himself. Here he got married, however, leaving the borders of Russia and filling out a questionnaire, he put in the column "marital status" - "single".

In Prague, in the homeland of Hasek, this blood-red "page" of his biography is well remembered, and in Bugulma, on the contrary, they are even proud that he "managed" it so well. In a provincial town, grateful descendants opened a literary museum of Yaroslav Hasek in the building of the former commandant's office.

Kul Sharif Mosque

To our left, if you follow the signs, there is a passage to the Kul Sharif Cathedral Mosque - this is the largest religious building of Muslims in the north-east of Russia.

“... The wide popularity of Kul Sharif in the last period of the existence of the Kazan Khanate is confirmed by many historical sources, as well as information preserved in the people's memory and summarized by Shigabutdin Marjani. Based on them, it can be argued that Kul Sharif in the khanate on the eve of its fall was the head of the Muslim clergy, the supreme seid. Andrei Kurbsky, describing the episode connected with the capture of Kazan by the Russian army in 1552, calls him in a European way "great biskup", that is, a bishop, and adds that the Tatars themselves consider Kul Sharif "the great anaryi", or "amir".

The supreme seid Kul Sharif died during the capture of Kazan by the Russians in 1552 during the battle with them. Marjani, relying on folk legends, reports that Kul Sharif with his followers, united in a special military unit "regiment", consisting of young dervishes and Sufis, defended up to the building of the madrasah, then, retreating, climbed onto its roof, where he was stabbed and fell down. So the life of this outstanding personality of the era of the Kazan Khanate was tragically interrupted.

Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Kazan Kremlin

If, during the construction of the Kul-Sharif Cathedral Mosque, archaeologists tried to restore the religious building destroyed during the siege, then they should have taken as a basis St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow, built "for the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates", since there is an assumption that after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the same Pskov masters who rebuilt the Kazan Kremlin erected a reduced copy of one of the enemy’s architectural symbols in the very center of Moscow. However, for some unknown reasons, then they began to build the main Orthodox (Epiphany) Cathedral on the land of the Gentiles.

The consecration of the five-domed Cathedral took place in 1562. For the construction, according to the Kazan scribe book, "1148 rubles 24 kopecks and a half was spent, and iron was bought for 100 rubles." In the forms of the Cathedral, one can feel the influence of the styles of Pskov, Vladimir and Moscow architecture.

Since then, all the royal persons of the Russian Empire, from Peter I to Nicholas II, have attended divine services here. Today, the Cathedral has been restored and is open to the public, church services are held here.

Tower Syuyumbike

Now, from the Cathedral of the Annunciation, we will proceed to the falling tower of Syuyumbike (Syuyum is a female name, and bika, or bike is a respectful appeal to an adult woman).

It really falls towards the Presidential Palace, on which you see the flag of Tatarstan with the coat of arms - a white leopard. Why they chose this particular animal, one can only guess, because snow leopards have never been found on the fauna-rich land of Tatarstan.

The deviation of the tower from the main axis is 1.98 meters. This slope is clearly visible next to the Annunciation Cathedral.

Tower Syuyumbike- an architectural and spiritual symbol of Kazan. Her image can be found on many emblems of various Tatar societies, for example, the Association of Tatars in America. We can also recall the analogue of the Tatar tower in Moscow - this is the building of the Kazan railway station.

No written sources containing mention of the time of construction of the tower and its original purpose have been found. On the earliest plans of the city of the 18th century, it is shown as the entrance to the courtyard of the commandant's house, which stood on the site of the "old tsar's court".

Favorable location of the building on the very high point hill suggests its use as a watchtower. Inside, narrow staircase galleries are made in such a way that only one archer could hold back a whole enemy detachment with a spear. A supply of stones, tow, resin, spears and arrows, as well as provisions would allow a small group of defenders to hold the siege for a long time.

Before the revolution, the Syuyumbike tower was open to tourists and served as observation deck. On the oak door of the upper tier, there is an inscription made by a certain traveler - “Gavrilov was here”.

Some researchers are inclined to believe that the Syuyumbike tower with "non-Russian architecture" was built by Pskov craftsmen on the foundation of the high seven-tiered gates, which were dilapidated during the capture of Kazan, installed at the entrance to the Khan's Palace. Perhaps the Russian masons were struck by the shape of the gate and they did not rebuild it, but only restored its former appearance. On the one hand, it was the front gate, on the other - a watchtower, on the third - a minaret for calling for Friday prayers, as well as for announcing Khan's decrees to the people. There is another version according to which the tower structure is a mausoleum or a memorial mosque.

Many legends are associated with the Syuyumbike tower. There is a legend that it was built on the burial site of three Muslim saints, to the graves of which locals and dervishes went to worship. And recently, at the foot of the tower, archaeologists unearthed the burial places of the khan's period, where the last Kazan khans rest, including Safa Giray, who died in 1549. A legend passed down by the Tatars from generation to generation tells about the weeping of Queen Syuyumbike over the resting place of her beloved husband.

Folk tales depict Syuyumbike as an indescribable beauty, having heard about which, Ivan IV sent ambassadors to her with a proposal to become a Moscow queen. And the refusal of Syuyumbike was the reason for the Russian campaign against Kazan. When the Russian troops besieged the city, the proud khansha agreed to the marriage on the condition that within a week the archers would be able to raise a tower above all the minarets of the "Pearl of the East". The requirement of the princess was fulfilled on time. Seven days - seven tiers! During the wedding feast, the bride expressed her desire and last time look at your hometown from the height of a seven-tiered tower. She climbed to the highest platform and rushed down.

In fact, it was much more prosaic. After the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, by order of the Russian Tsar, she was forcibly married off to the Kasimov Khan Shah-Ali, who was pro-Moscow. This marriage served the king as the best reason for refusing her father, the Nogai Khan Yusuf, who requested the return of his daughter and grandson Utyamysh. About him, the king wrote to the khan "we hold your grandson for my son." In fact, he was separated from his mother and baptized. In one of the Moscow monasteries, the grave of Syuyumbike's son has been preserved, a new name is engraved on the slab - Simeon.

Monument to Russian soldiers who died during the capture of Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible

From the site near the Syuyumbike tower, you can see the Kazanka River, which flows into the Volga a few kilometers from here. If you look closely, you will see an acropolis monument standing in the water, resembling a small pyramid, erected in 1823 in memory of the capture of Kazan. In 1552, the bodies of dead soldiers were brought here, into a hastily dug mass grave. Despite the fact that not only the Orthodox, but also the Gentiles, who went over to the side of the Russian Tsar, took part in the siege of the city, they buried everyone indiscriminately and buried them in a Christian way. Later, a chapel was built over the grave, and after the flood of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the water came up to the monument, turning it into an island.

Why was it decided to arrange the burial of soldiers in this place? According to chronicle sources, it was here that the headquarters of Ivan the Terrible was located (by the way, the tsar was only 24 years old at the time of the siege). From his royal tent, he led the capture of the city. There is a version that an underground manhole led from the tent of Ivan the Terrible to the walls of the Kremlin. Allegedly, it existed even before the revolution, and Nicholas II himself, when he was visiting the sights of the city, descended into it, but blockages prevented him from going to the Kremlin. Be that as it may, one thing is certain that the engineer Butler, who was specially brought to undermine the fortress walls with "Apglitz bombs", approached the wall unnoticed along the dug passages and laid barrels of gunpowder under its base. After the explosion, two breaches were formed. One of the explosions thundered just under the wall, which overlooks the monument-tomb.

Kazan was besieged by a 150,000-strong army against 33,000 defenders, and the Russian Tsar had 160 cannons, as well as engineer Butler with his "infernal machines."

On October 2, 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian kingdom, and the last Khan, Yadyger, was taken into captivity.

Ivan the Terrible was sewn a Kazan hat from ferrets, which were found in abundance in local forests, and decorated it with precious stones from the Khan's rod.

Apart from a dozen pebbles, nothing of value was found in the Khan's palace. The treasury was empty, which then gave rise to a legend about a treasure at the bottom of Lake Kaban.

They say that the king got only the khan's library with Arabic folios. They replenished his legendary collection of rare books, which, however, are still being sought.

It was the fifth siege by the Russians of the capital of the Kazan Khanate. The previous ones ended in failure (once even the cunning khan, like Kutuzov, ordered the surrender of the capital to the enemy troops. A month later he entered the city back and rebuilt a new city more beautiful than the old one on the site of the ashes!).

The fifth trip was much better prepared. Above the Volga, on the island of Sviyazhsk, a fortress was built in advance for wintering troops and storing weapons and fodder. A temple and a monastery were also erected here to conduct missionary activities among the “non-Christs”. Rooks, loaded with everything necessary for the siege of the city, regularly went from Sviyazhsk to Kazan. Today, the island of Sviyazhsk can be reached both by water on a sightseeing boat, and by land. A bulk dam leads to the island from the side of the village of Vasilyevo. Sviyazhsk has retained the charm of a Russian province; services are held in its darkened churches. Several dozen monks support life on an island forgotten by civilization. Here, on the church vaults painted by icon painters, you can see a rare image of St. Christopher the pseudo-headed... but with a horse's head.

Taynitskiye gate

On the left side of the Syuyumbike Tower is the Cannon Yard (the inscription says this on the weather vane). Blacksmith workshops have been located here for a long time, where chain mail, armor, arrowheads and spearheads, swords were made, and cannons and cannonballs were cast.

Now let's head down to Tainitsky gate. One glance is enough to understand that we have not a remake, but a really old fortress building. Inside it you will hear the rumble of footsteps and feel the coolness of the past. Pay attention to the thickness of the walls and massive fastenings for gates and bars, and also to the characteristic cranked - from left to right - passage to the fortress. This was done so that the enemy army, armed with swords and shields, during the siege would turn out to be its unprotected side to the garrison of the fortress. After all, as usual, the shield was held in the left hand, and the sword in the right!

The Taynitskaya tower was erected in the 16th century on the site of the Nur-Ali tower blown up during the siege of Kazan. She got her new name from the blown up secret passage to the spring, from which the besieged took water. Ivan the Terrible, after the capture of Kazan, solemnly entered the city through these gates.

Coin of St. Wenceslas and the 1000th anniversary of Kazan

In 1997, during excavations on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, archaeologists found a lead coin, which, according to the largest numismatist in Europe, Czech researcher Yarmila Haskova, was made in Prague. The most plausible date of minting can be considered 929-930. At that time, jewelry was made from lead. In addition, there is a hole on the coin. This allows us to conclude that the coin was also used as a decoration. The coin is unique - the only one in the world. According to this archaeological find, it was proved that Kazan is more than a hundred years old.

No historian will name the exact date of the construction of the Kazan Kremlin. Researchers believe that the complex appeared between the 10th and 12th centuries. At first, all buildings were built of wood, and the Kremlin itself consisted of fortress walls. But every year more and more buildings appeared, and then the complex turned into a real city - this is how Kazan was born. First, the fortress was an outpost for the Bulgar princes, then for the khans of the Golden Horde. From the 16th century, it came under the control of the Russian state - it was captured by Ivan the Terrible.

At first, the troops turned the Kremlin fortifications into ruins, but it is from this moment that a new page in the history of the complex begins. Ivan the Terrible started a grand reconstruction of the Kremlin: architects and masons arrived from Pskov. For six years, the masters have changed the appearance of the building beyond recognition. Orthodox churches, bell towers and towers appeared on the territory. Instead of wooden fortifications, stone ones were erected. This citadel was famous for a long time as the most impregnable fortress of medieval Rus'.

But in the 18th century, this function became unimportant - the state expanded its borders. Only during the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, the Kremlin was used as a fortification during the siege of Kazan. After that, the complex lost its military purpose completely. From the end of the 19th century, the fortress began to take on a modern architectural image, and today it is a symbol of reconciliation between Orthodoxy and Islam.

Guarded by a dragon

The main entrance to the Kremlin lies through the Spasskaya Tower - on May Day Square. Pay attention to the statue of the Dragon Zilant. This creature is considered a symbol of Kazan and the protector of the city. There are many legends about the Kazan basilisk - it is believed that the monster lives at the bottom of the lake and the hills at the mouth of the river, it happens in the surrounding forests.

Particularly stands out Spasskaya Tower - the main part of the complex. Sheinkman Street stretches from it - the former Bolshaya, which was the most basic in the Kremlin. This tower was built later than the others - in the 17th century as a symbol of the greatness of Rus'. Pskov craftsmen have worked hard to create a traditional Russian bell tower with a majestic eagle on its spire. For a long time there was a church inside, and a chapel nearby. But later the building was dismantled, making a through entrance.

The Spasskaya Tower is not the only one; only eight of the original thirteen have survived. No less interesting is Taynitskaya, also built in the 17th century. A massive lower and a miniature upper tier, a magnificent view of the city from the promenade - all this deserves attention.

Reliable protection

After admiring the towers, take a look at the walls. Once upon a time there was a wooden structure in their place. After the seizure of the territory by Ivan the Terrible, they were updated, and then the Kremlin was completely made of wood. Under the reliable protection of the walls there are many buildings: the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, the Manege, the Junker School.

For many visitors, the Kul-Sharif mosque becomes a favorite place. It is called the pearl of the Kremlin, but the real attraction was destroyed during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Not even pictures of the building remain. On the site of the disappeared medieval Islamic shrine, it was decided to build a new one. During the construction of the structure, the architects adhered to their own ideas. They took as a basis the “Kazan hat” - the crown of the khans of Kazan. In 2005, for the 1000th anniversary of the city, a new facility was solemnly opened.

The modern mosque has eight minarets decorated with crescents. Inside there is a museum of Islam and ancient manuscripts, a prayer hall, a library, a gallery for women and an observation deck. The mosque primarily serves as a cultural, educational and scientific center. The rules for visiting are the same as in Orthodox churches. You can go inside freely, but you need to buy shoe covers at the entrance. Women will need to wear a headscarf and cover their knees - a long skirt is required. Men do not need a hat.

Visitors are impressed by the interior decoration - ceramic panels and murals. Creating ornaments, the masters adhered to the techniques of the 16th century. The windows are tall and narrow, in the form of lancet arches and with bright stained-glass windows. Persian handmade carpets add luxury - they cover more than 2 thousand square meters. Tourists admire the decoration of the mosque from observation balconies.

If you go downstairs, you can buy a souvenir as a keepsake. They sell various little things: from a painted spoon to a fridge magnet. Religious literature is also sold at the entrance. Adjacent to the modern masterpiece is a building made in the same style - the fire station. Behind the mosque is the residence of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan. The palace combines the features of Russian baroque, classicism and ancient Russian architecture. But guests of the Kremlin are usually in a hurry to see the Syuyumbike Tower and the Cathedral of the Annunciation.

Kazan Leaning Tower

The top of Syuyumbike is deviated from the vertical by almost two meters - such a roll is visible to the naked eye. The tower was built back in the 17th century on the foundation of a sentinel guard building. But the calculations turned out to be incorrect, and immediately after the construction, the structure began to gradually tilt. It was decided to correct the mistake only in the 1990s, when restoration work was carried out. Here, tourists are advised to touch the tower and make a wish - they say it comes true.

Place of tranquility

Another miracle of the Kazan Kremlin is the Cathedral of the Annunciation. It is believed that Ivan the Terrible himself drove a wooden cross on the site for construction. This church became the first Orthodox cathedral in the Middle Volga region. Today it is a functioning temple. Behind the building is a miniature park.

After sightseeing, go to the observation deck, which offers a wonderful view of the embankment of the Kazanka River. From here you can see the bridge and the local water park. The Holy Assumption Convent is clearly visible, its golden domes shining in the sun.

Museum complexes

Curious visitors can get acquainted with the museum expositions. Among those regularly working are the Hermitage-Kazan, the Museum of Islam, the art gallery of the Republic of Tatarstan, the National Museum, the Kazan Kremlin settlements. To the left of the mosque are the remains of the Cannon Yard, where an arms factory was once located. Today, the eponymous museum welcomes guests here.

Festive Kremlin

A visit to the majestic complex is always an event, but during the festivals there is a festive atmosphere. Every year, at the beginning of summer, a stage is built near the walls of the Kremlin. Famous musicians, both Russian and foreign, sing at the International Live Music Festival. In September, a festival of modern culture is organized inside the complex. The Kremlin is becoming a venue for exhibitions, concerts and performances.

How to get there

There will be no difficulties in finding a famous attraction. The first option is to go to public transport to the "Palace of Sports" "Central Stadium" or stop "TsUM". The second way is to take the subway to the "Kremlevskaya". Adherents of hiking can walk along Moskovskaya and Bauman streets.

(EGROKN)
object № 1610053000(Wikipedia DB)

The territory of the Kremlin is an irregular polygon in plan, repeating the outlines of the Kremlin hill, elongated from the northwest, from the Kazanka River, to the southeast, to 1 Maya Square. It is located on the cape of a high terrace on the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of the Kazanka.

Khan's Citadel ( Ark) was surrounded by oak (possibly in some places stone) walls, up to 9 meters thick with 4 travel towers: Nur-Ali, Yelabuga, Big and Tyumen gates. Ilisty Bulak (from Tat. "sleeve", a channel connecting the Kazanka River and Lake Kaban) protected the fortress from the west; and on the least protected south-eastern side, the fortress was surrounded by deep ditches.

Andrey Kurbsky left the following description of Kazan: “and from the Kazan River the mountain is so high, even with an eye look at the cover; there is a city on it, and royal chambers and mosques are very high, bricked, where their dead kings were laid, remembering in number, five of them ... "("murovannye" - stone).

The cathedral mosque had, according to legend, 8 minarets, madrasahs and mausoleums (durbe) were located at the mosques. There is every reason to believe that the external appearance of the mosques was similar to the stone buildings of the same time in Kasimov and Bulgar, where the smooth planes of the walls contrast with elegant carved and ceramic inserts of decorative elements.

The tower consists of 7 tiers: the first three tiers are square in plan and have open galleries, the other four are octagonal. The tower is completed by a 6-sided brick tent (height 58 meters or 34 fathoms 6 feet), which until 1917 was crowned with a double-headed eagle resting on a gilded "apple" (according to the legends of the Kazan Tatars, important documents related to history and culture were concluded in the ball Tatars). The edges of all tiers are decorated with spatulas or thin brick rollers. In the lower tier of the tower there is a through passage. On the western and eastern facades, the pylons of the lower tier have 2 attached columns of the Corinthian order, crossed in the middle of the height by "typically Russian horizontal rollers". The walls are brick, the mortar is lime, the foundation rests on oak piles. From 1917 to the 1930s, the Russian coat of arms was replaced with a crescent, in the 1930s the crescent was removed, in the 1990s the crescent was again erected on the tower. The tower is included in the list of forty falling towers of the world. Its deviation from the vertical is 2 meters. The deviation occurred due to subsidence of the foundation in one part. To date, the fall of the tower has been stopped.

Palace (Vvedenskaya) Church

In the authoritative work “Kazan in the monuments of history and culture. Ed. S. S. Aidarova, A. Kh. Khalikova, M. Kh. Khasanova, I. N. Aleeva "the authors are inclined to the version that the Palace Church" was placed on the site where the Nur-Ali mosque stood during the Kazan Khanate, however this version is based on later sources (explications to the city plan of 1768, where the temple is listed as “a church converted from a mosque”) and is one of the hypotheses of the history of the Vvedenskaya (consecrated in the 19th century in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit) church.

The Vvedenskaya Church was badly damaged by fire in 1815 and stood in ruins for a long time. By order of Nicholas I, who visited Kazan in 1836, the church was restored according to the "highest" project approved in 1852 as a palace at the Governor's Palace. In 1859 the church was consecrated in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit. The new temple accurately reproduced the constructive scheme and stylistic features of the former Vvedenskaya Church, the architectural analogues of which in Kazan can be considered the destroyed Vvedensky Cathedral of the Kizichesky Monastery, and the Resurrection Cathedral - the New Jerusalem Monastery ("Bishops' Dacha"), which also had covered arched galleries and a stepped scheme of volumes. The palace temple of the Descent of the Holy Spirit itself with the chapel of St. Martyr Empress Alexandra occupied only the second floor, on the first floor there was a chapel in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker, the temple icon in which was donated in the middle of the 19th century by Anna Davydovna Boratynskaya.

The alternation of 4 and 8-sided volumes, the stepped structure of the church itself, is consonant with the stepped architecture of the Syuyumbike tower, surpassing the watchtower in the richness of decoration.

Now here is the Museum of the History of the Statehood of the Tatar People and the Republic of Tatarstan.

Presidential palace

The Palace of the Kazan Governor is located in the northern part of the Kremlin, in the place where in ancient times there was the palace of the Kazan khans, and in the 18th century - the chief commandant's house. The building was built in the 40s. XIX century in the so-called. pseudo-Byzantine style. The project of the “house of the military governor with premises for the imperial apartments” was compiled by the famous Moscow architect K. A. Ton, the author of the project of the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The palace consists of the main building and the circumference of services adjoining the courtyard. The construction of the palace was supervised by the architect A. I. Peske, sent from St. Petersburg, who rebuilt Kazan after the city fire of 1842. The interior decoration was carried out under the guidance of the architect M. P. Korinfsky, one of the architects of the Kazan Imperial University complex. The center of the main facade is a risalit, completed by a front with three keeled arches, possibly similar to the architecture of the Khan's palace. The building has two porches on 2 order columns with arched doorways. The first and second floors are divided by a row of order pilasters and arched window openings. The façade is a semicircle in plan and has a passage to the courtyard of the palace. The eclectic decor of the building combines elements of Russian classicism (corinthian division, rustication of the 1st floor, general symmetry), baroque (unfastening of the entablature over the beams of columns of the main risalit, the nature of the pediments of the porticos) and Old Russian architecture (hanging weights of the twin arches of the windows of the 2nd floor, keeled zakomaras of the central risalit, the nature of the figured supports of the arched suspension passage to the Palace Church).

During the Soviet period, the building housed the Presidium of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of the Tatar ASSR. Currently, it is the residence of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Kul Sharif Mosque

The fraternal building has been preserved in the northern part of the monastery; a brick fence on the eastern side of the monastery, the temple of St. Nicholas the Ratny reconstructed in the forms of the 19th century (which served as a teahouse in the military unit located here in Soviet times); basement of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration blown up in the 1930s; the foundation of the monastery bell tower destroyed after 1917 with the church of St. Barbarians in the lower tier, the foundation of the church of St. Cyprian and Justinia.

The building of government offices (provincial office)

The 2-storey building of the governor's office - government offices - is located on the right side of the main Kremlin street and the Spasskaya Tower. The project was drawn up by V. I. Kaftyrev, who was sent by the Senate to Kazan in 1767 to detail the general plan of the city, developed by the commission of St. Petersburg and Moscow after the great fire in Kazan in 1765. The second floor was the main one, where senior officials and important visitors climbed the main staircase, and where the “audience” hall was located in front of the “judicial chamber” - the central hall with 4 windows. Adjacent to it were the "secret" and "secretary", in the remaining rooms were "principal servants". The building has a basement floor with vaulted rooms. To get to the long courtyard between the building of government offices and the eastern section of the Kremlin wall, the building has two through passages dividing the building into 3 sections. On the north side of the building adjoins the building of the former Consistory.

Cannon yard complex

The ensemble of the cannon yard consists of four buildings. One of the largest Russian factories for the manufacture and repair of artillery pieces was located here. The Kazan cannon factory contributed to the victory of Russian weapons in the war of 1812. After the fire of 1815, the factory ceased to exist. Recently, the Museum of Weapons - the Spirit of the Warrior was opened here.

Consistory building

The building of the spiritual department in the XIX century. In Soviet times, the building housed the Ministry of Health of the TASSR.

bishop's house

Arena

The drill arena for conducting the exercises of the Kazan Military School was built in the 1880s according to the project of 1881, made in St. Petersburg. The engineering solution of the roof of the building made it possible to cover a significant area (18 x 56 meters) with single-span truss structures. After the 2003-2006 Restoration in the building is supposed to arrange storage and reading room of the Museum of Ancient Books and Manuscripts.

Guardhouse building

It is located in the southeast corner, to the right of the main entrance of the Spasskaya Tower. The building was built in the 19th century on the site where, since the 18th century, there was a stone storehouse - a warehouse of military property at the provincial office, which stood nearby. The architecture of the building is extremely ascetic.

Lost buildings and structures of the Kazan Kremlin

• The 17th century bell tower of the Annunciation Cathedral (destroyed in 1928, had 5 tiers and served as a storage place for the largest bell of pre-revolutionary Kazan),
• Transfiguration Cathedral (blown up in the 1930s);
• Bell tower with St. Barbarians in the lower tier (destroyed after 1917),
• Church of St. Cyprian and Justinia.

Archaeological research of the Kazan Kremlin

The basis for archaeological research was laid in the 19th century by Kazan local historians, professor of KSU (now KFU) N.P. Zagoskin and P.A. Ponomarev, who studied the foundation pit on the site of the building of the Junkers School under construction. Significant archaeological excavations were carried out in the 1920s. N. F. Kalinin and N. A. Bashkirov. Systematic studies conducted since 1971 under the leadership of L. S. Shavokhin and A. Kh. Khalikov made it possible to determine the stratigraphy of cultural deposits. In the 1990s, a number of archaeological studies were carried out, in particular, they did not confirm the version that the Cathedral of the Annunciation was allegedly built on the site of the main mosque of the Khanate: no archaeological foundations from the period of the Kazan Khanate were found under the cathedral.

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

“Secondary school No. 55”, Perm

Perm Territory, Russian Federation

UNESCO World Heritage:

historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin

Completed by: Bykova I. N. German language teacher;

Filatova F. V. geography teacher

Purpose of the presentation:

• Get acquainted with the objects of cultural heritage of Russia, included in UNESCO;
• Show all the greatness and beauty of the cultural heritage on the example of the Kazan Kremlin.

world cultural heritage

In 1972, the UNESCO Convention on the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage was adopted in Paris.

Russia became a party to the convention at the end of the 80s and since that time has included in the list

World Heritage 14 cultural monuments.

Cultural heritage

For the purposes of this Convention, “cultural heritage” means: monuments: works of architecture, monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and groups of elements which are of outstanding universal historical, artistic or scientific value; ensembles: groups of isolated or combined buildings whose architecture, unity or connection with the landscape is of outstanding universal value in terms of history, art or science; places of interest: the work of man or joint creations of man and nature, as well as areas, including archaeological sites, of outstanding universal value in terms of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

Kazan Kremlin

One of the objects cultural heritage Russia is the Kazan Kremlin.

Kazan Kremlin

is located in the city of Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. The city of Kazan was founded at the beginning of the 10th century and the Kremlin along with it. At the beginning of its existence it was called Kerman. From the 2nd half of the 12th century to the 1st half of the 15th century

The Kremlin turns into a center

Kazan principality in

part of the Golden Horde. During

the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible

in 1552 all the walls of the Kremlin

were completely destroyed.

New walls were built

in the same place, but

stone. On the territory were

three mosques destroyed and

Orthodox churches were built.

Kazan Kremlin -

symbol of the unity of two religions

Kazan- the center of the confluence of two cultures: Russian And Tatar

Russian culture

Tatar culture

• Kul Sharif Mosque
• Al-Marjani Mosque
• Iske-Tash Mosque
• Blue Mosque
• Burnaevskaya Mosque
• Syuyumbike

• Peter and Paul Cathedral
• Blagoveshchensky cathedral
• Spasskaya Tower
• Transfiguration Tower
• Guard Tower
• Dmitrievskaya Tower

Towers of the Kazan Kremlin

Dmitrievskaya Tower

West Nameless Tower

Spasskaya Tower

Southwest Tower

Consistory Tower

Taynitskaya Tower

Voskresenskaya (Ostrozhnaya) Tower

Transfiguration Tower

South East Tower

The Kazan Kremlin is the main attraction of the city. Not to visit the very "heart" of the capital is a serious omission for any tourist. Museums, architectural monuments are located on a vast territory, and most importantly, here you will find a combination of two cultures that have been “living together” for several centuries. In our review, we will tell you how to get to the Kazan Kremlin, show some sights and the best routes so you don't miss anything.

How to get to the Kazan Kremlin?

By public transport, the path will be as follows: you need to get to the stops “Central Stadium”, or “Palace of Sports”, or “TSUM”. You can also take the metro - to the station. Kremlin.

Interesting excursions for you:

Pervomaiskaya Square

After that, you need to climb to Pervomaiskaya Square, one of the oldest squares in Kazan. Once it was the public center of the city, where decrees were announced, solemn ceremonies were held and public punishments were held. During its time, the square changed its name several times: Spasskaya (according to the corresponding tower of the Kremlin of the 16th century), Aleksandrovskaya (on it once stood a monument to Alexander II, which was demolished), “Tash Ayak” (translated from Tat. - “stone leg” ), etc. Now this is the starting point of departure for all excursions around the Kazan Kremlin. The entrance to the Kremlin starts from the Spasskaya (central) tower of the complex.

A little more about Spasskaya tower. Initially, it and the front part of the wall, which is shown in the photo, were built by Pskov craftsmen before the rest of the objects. If you come closer, you can see the massive cobblestones from which the walls and the tower are made. There used to be a church there. For a long time there was a large ditch in front of it, which was filled up in the 18th century. The entrance was on the side, because it is better to defend yourself from the invaders.

We will show and tell the main objects of the Kremlin so that you do not miss the most interesting.

Kremlin walk route

We offer one of the possible routes for visiting the historical complex.

Especially for you, we made a visual route around the Kremlin on the layout:

Monument to Musa Jalil

In front of the entrance to the Kremlin there is a monument to Musa Jalil. You won't miss it. Musa Jalil- one of the great and highly revered poets of the Tatar people. Known for the collection of front-line poems "Moabit Notebooks", which he wrote while in the Moabit concentration camp (Berlin). The collection can be viewed in what is inside the Kazan Kremlin

After passing through the Spasskaya Tower, you will come to Sheikman street, the main street of the Kremlin. It is named after Yakov Sheikman, who led the defense of Kazan from the White Czechs. During the capture of the city in August 1918, he did not have time to evacuate, was captured and shot.

The street is paved with cobblestones and is a favorite place for Kazan citizens to walk. Those who wish can ride around the Kremlin in a carriage. On the same street is the Hermitage-Kazan Center, the only branch of the museum located not in St. Petersburg, but opposite - the Office Building.

Kul Sharif Mosque

There is an exposition of sculptures near the mosque. Tourists do not miss the opportunity to take pictures on horseback or just next to them.

Entrance to the mosque is free. 5 rubles for shoe covers. Women should use handkerchiefs, which are distributed free of charge at the entrance.

- "pearl" of the Kazan Kremlin. This is the main mosque of Tatarstan, where collective Friday prayers are performed.

Kul Sharif was once the chief imam and protector during the capture of Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible. The mosque burned down, and Kul Sharif, along with his disciples, died in a fierce battle. The mosque was restored only after 4 centuries to the 1000th anniversary of Kazan. Now it is considered one of the largest in Europe.

The interior decoration impresses with its beauty, harmony in the combination of colors and expensive decorations. There are separate halls for prayers by men and women. If you want to learn more about Islamic culture and the history of Kul Sharif, you can visit the Museum of Islam, which is located inside the mosque

A fair is organized near the exit (directly opposite) of the Kremlin. We advise you to look at the goods: despite the fact that the merchants are located on the territory of the Kremlin, the prices are pleasantly surprising.

Bypassing Kul Sharif on the right, you can also find shops and other interactive in the form of photographs in old Tatar clothes and climb the observation tower for only 50 rubles.

Blagoveshchensky cathedral

It was built as a wooden church immediately after the capture of Kazan. According to legend, Ivan the Terrible personally chose the place for the construction. It became stone in 1556, as the plaque on the temple says. Inside, everything looks very rich. There is also the Museum of the History of the Annunciation Cathedral.

Directly opposite the cathedral is the Cannon Yard.

To the right of the cathedral in the square is another attraction. This is the Monument to the architects of the Kazan Kremlin.

And right behind it is the Bishop's House. But we will return to the Cathedral of the Annunciation. And we will reach the next attraction on our route.

Tower Syuyumbike

There is a beautiful legend that Ivan the Terrible offered to marry him to Queen Syuyumbike. In response, she promised to do this in exchange for the tower, from which she wanted to say goodbye to her beloved city for the last time. The tower was built in 7 days (per tier per day), after which the queen climbed to the very top and threw herself off the tower. The tower leaned in the direction where the queen fell. But this is just a legend.

There is a belief that if you rub a coin on the tower and throw it over your back, while making a wish, it will certainly come true. The version for the lazy is just to touch and make a wish. People say it works. Try it.

From here you can walk to another observation point, from where gorgeous views open up - this is either the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan.

There you can continue your journey around the city. The attraction is quite controversial, but to appreciate it, you should see it with your own eyes. can also be a continuation of your walk.

Finally, let's leave a list of all the museums operating on the territory of the Kremlin:

• Museum of Natural History of Tatarstan. Located in the building main street Kremlin - Junkers School
• Museum of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45 (Junker School)
• National Art Gallery (Junker School)
• Hermitage-Kazan Center (Junker School)
• Museum of Islamic Culture. Located on the ground floor of the Kul Sharif Mosque
• Museum of the History of the Annunciation Cathedral (in the cathedral building)
• Museum of the Cannon Yard (Located in the southern risalit of the eastern (Main) building of the Cannon Yard)
• Museum of the History of Statehood of Tatarstan (Palace Church)
• Kremlin Exhibition Hall "Manezh" (building located next to the Junkers School)

So, if a sightseeing tour is not enough for you, take a look at these museums as well. Fans will surely love this. As for our review, we note that all the sights are worth seeing with your own eyes, come to Kazan and be sure to look into the Kremlin.