Scandinavia - Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland: visa, attractions, language, currency, time difference, summer and winter holidays, fishing, what to bring. Voskresensky V.Yu. International tourism All about Scandinavia

Majestic fjords, glaciers and waterfalls, emerald green hills and rocks, hot springs gushing out of the ground and dense forests - all these are Scandinavian countries. Unique northern beauty that leaves no one indifferent.

What is Scandinavia?

This is an umbrella term. It combines a historical and cultural region located in northern Europe. In a narrow concept, it includes only three countries: Denmark, Sweden, Norway. The expanded view adds two more - Iceland and Finland. In the first case, the name “countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula” would be more correct.

Country of Vikings and Trolls

The territory where the modern state of Norway is located (385,178 sq. kilometers) has been inhabited by people since the very moment the glacier melted on it. This happened more than 11,000 years ago. The era of the formidable and fearless Vikings, thanks to whom this country is familiar to everyone, has a certain starting point when Europeans first became aware of them. This happened in 793, after an attack on a monastery located in the East of England. However, Norway did not first appear as a state until 1035.

If we take into account not only the Scandinavian countries, but also the whole of Europe, then we can say with confidence that this is one of the least populated, and people are distributed extremely unevenly. The majority, namely 78%, live in cities. At the moment it is one of the most prosperous countries to live in. Good ecology, rich resources and incredible natural beauty make it extremely attractive not only for tourists, but also for immigrants.

Denmark is a Scandinavian country

This is the southernmost country in Scandinavia and the smallest in area (only 43,094 square kilometers), the capital is Copenhagen (pictured below). The first traces of humans on the territory of the state appeared 100-70 thousand years ago. The ancestors of the modern indigenous population are given, they appeared there as a result of the Great Migration of Peoples. The first mentions of them date back to the 6th-7th centuries. The Danes actively participated in the Viking campaigns. Now it is an industrial-agrarian state with a fairly high level of development. In 2009, Denmark was ranked as one of the most expensive countries to live in.

Svei State

This is how "Sweden" is translated. The capital of the state is Stockholm. The Svei were an ancient Germanic tribe that once lived on the territory of this country. Experienced warriors and sailors have gained fame for a long time and are very often mentioned in ancient sources. Sweden emerged as a powerful state, well armed and with a well-trained army, in the 17th century.

It has surpassed all Scandinavian countries in terms of the size of its territory, the area of ​​which is 449,964 square meters. kilometers. Economic growth and rapid pace of development have turned the country into a global tycoon (despite the fact that the population is only 9 million people), it has 50 global companies, including: Saab, Volvo, Scania, Ericsson ", "Electrolux", "Tetra Pak".

Finland is the most stable country in the world

This assessment was given to her by specialists from the American Foundation in the period from 2011 to 2014. The modern state covers an area of ​​338,430.53 square meters. kilometers and has a capital of Helsinki. According to archaeological research, the first inhabitants appeared in this area at the end of the Ice Age (approximately 8500 BC). They were primarily gatherers and hunters. Finland has been an independent state since 1917, and since then its development has been increasing. Helsinki (pictured) is one of the most amazing capitals in Europe, modern and very dynamic.

Finland is a Scandinavian country, this determines its beautiful nature, lakes and rivers filled with fish, forests rich in berries and mushrooms. On its territory there is a large number of national parks (more than 35), which have become habitats for rare species of animals and plants, and unique natural monuments.

The three Scandinavian countries of Europe are constitutional monarchies in form of government, with the exception of Finland and Iceland (republics).

Iceland: land of ice

This is a small island state located in the Atlantic Ocean (its northern part). The area of ​​Iceland is 103,125 square meters. kilometers, the capital is Reykjavik. The settlement of the island took place in the ninth century, when Norway was united by King Harold I. Many families who did not agree with the authorities were forced to flee and look for a new place to live, which became Iceland.

Since 1262, the state was first under the rule of Norway, and then Denmark, England, and the USA. It was only in 1944 that Iceland entered the Scandinavian countries as an independent republic. Until 2001, the main source of income was fishing and processing of catch. However, recently the country has been actively developing industry using alternative energy sources (mostly geothermal sources). There are practically no forests in Iceland (about 1% of the entire territory), and the natural landscape is more like cosmic landscapes (photo below). And this is not without reason, because this is the largest island of volcanic origin.

The Scandinavian countries have gained the reputation of being perhaps the most expensive in terms of accommodation and tourism. But as soon as people see their pristine beauty, they fall in love with these lands. This is not only the oldest historical and cultural territory in northern Europe, but also nature reserve on a global scale.

Where is Scandinavia?

Scandinavia is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe, characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage with the closely related North Germanic languages. The term "Scandinavia" includes three kingdoms - Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The outlying Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, as well as Greenland and the Danish overseas territory, are not usually considered part of Scandinavia. Nevertheless, Faroe islands, the Danish Overseas Territory, Iceland, Finland and the Finnish Autonomous Region of Åland, due to their historical ties to Scandinavian countries, peoples and languages, are sometimes included as part of Scandinavia.

In a geographical sense, the concept of Scandinavia is synonymous with the concept of the Scandinavian Peninsula.The name Scandinavia originally vaguely referred to the former Danish, now Swedish region of Scania.The terms "Scandinavia" and "Scandinavian" were coined by the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavian movement, and came into use in the late 18th century, referring to Denmark, Norway, Sweden and their Germanic peoples, and uniting their languages ​​and cultures.

The majority of Scandinavia's population is descended from northern Germanic tribes who originally inhabited southern Scandinavia and spoke a Germanic language that later evolved into Old Norse.Icelanders and Faroese are descended from Norwegian tribes, so they are often considered Scandinavians. Finland is mainly populated by Finns with a significant Swedish-speaking minority. NA small number of Sami people live in the far north of Scandinavia.

Danish, Norwegian and Swedish form a dialect continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages ​​and are mutually intelligible.Faroese and Icelandic, sometimes called the island Scandinavian languages, are similar to the continental Scandinavian languages, only to some extent.The Finnish and Meänkiel languages ​​(also Tornedal Finnish) are closely related to each other, but are far from the Sami languages ​​and have absolutely no relation to the Scandinavian languages. In addition to the languages ​​listed, German, Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages ​​in Scandinavia.

The southern and most densely populated areas of Scandinavia have a temperate climate. Regionextends north of the Arctic Circle, but has a relatively temperate climate for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream.Most of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate.The legacy of the last ice age, which ended about ten thousand years ago, are lakes and moraines (a geological body formed by the collapse of a glacier).

Scandinavia is

The use of the name "Scandinavia" as a general term for the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden began only recently. According to some historians, it was adopted and introduced in the eighteenth century, when ideas about a common heritage began to emerge and develop in the early literary and linguistic social movement. Until this time, the term Scandinavia was familiar mainly from the writings of the classical scholar Pliny the Elder and was used for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.

As a political term, "Scandinavia" was first used by students who agitated for pan-Scandinavianism in the 1830s.Popular use of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway, as a unifying concept, originated in the 19th century with Hans Christian Andersen's poem "I Am a Scandinavian". After his visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavianism. In a letter describing a poem to a friend, it was said: “Suddenly I realized how connected the Swedes, Danes and Norwegians are and with this feeling, after my return, I immediately wrote a poem: “We are one people, we are called Scandinavians!” "

Finland as part of Scandinavia

The clearest example of the use of the term "Scandinavia" as a political and social construct is the unique position of Finland, based largely on the fact that Finland has been part of the Swedish kingdom for hundreds of years, thus much of the world associates Finland with all of Scandinavia.However, the creation of a Finnish identity is unique in the region in that it was shaped by the Swedish and Russian models of empire, as described by the editors of the Finnish journal Yearbook of Political Thought at the University of Jyväskylä.

A term is often defined according to the conventions of cultures that claim the term in their own usage. When the speakerwants to clearly combine Finland with Scandinavia, sometimes geographical terms are used English language Fenno-Scandinavia or Fennoscandia, although such terms are unlikely to be used at all in Scandinavia itself. More precisely, and without any dispute, the term Finland is part of the broader term "Nordic countries".

Tourism in Scandinavia

Various Nordic advertising agencies in the United States, such as the American-Scandinavian Foundation, founded in 1910 by Danish American industrialist Niels Poulsen, serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region.Today, five Nordic heads of state serve as patrons of the organization and according to an official statement, the organization's mission is to "promote the Nordic region as a whole while enhancing the attractiveness of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in New York and the United States."The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes work under the same roof as the Nordic Tourist Board.The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, towhen the Swedish national tourism board joined the Danish National Tourist Board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two countries. The Norwegian government joined a year later. All five Nordic governments are involved in joint promotional activities in the United States through the North American Nordic Tourism Board.

Scandinavian countries

Although the term "Scandinavia" is usually used for Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the term "Scandinavian countries" is also used for Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, including their adjacent territories (Greenland, Faroe Islands and Åland Islands), i.e.Thus, Scandinavia can be considered part of the Nordic countries.Additionally, the term "Fennoscandia" refers to Scandinavia, Finland and Karelia, excluding Denmark and the overseas territories.However, the use of this term is limited to geology when referring to the Fennoscandian Shield (Baltic Shield).

In addition to mainland Scandinavian countries:

• Denmark (Constitutional Monarchy with Parliamentary System)
• Norway (Constitutional Monarchy with Parliamentary System)
• Sweden (Formal Monarchy with Parliamentary System)

The Scandinavian countries also consist of:

• Finland (Parliamentary Republic)
• Iceland (Parliamentary Republic)
• Åland Islands (autonomous region of Finland since 1920)
• Faroe Islands (autonomous, self-governing country within the Danish kingdom since 1948)
• Greenland (autonomous, self-governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark since 1979)
• Svalbard, which is under the sovereignty of Norway, is not considered part of Scandinavia as a cultural and historical region, but is part of the Kingdom of Norway (since 1925) and is part of the Scandinavian countries.

Although Estonia is considered one of the Baltic countries, it applied for membership in the Nordic Council, citing its cultural heritage and close linguistic ties with Finland, as well as historical ties with Denmark and Sweden.This is similar to the situation with Finland in the 1920s, which was considered one of the Baltic states. After emerging from Russian domination along with other countries under similar circumstances. WhileFinnish and Estonian are Finnish languages, Latvian and Lithuanian are Baltic languages.

It should be noted that the term "Scandinavia" traditionally refers to the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. There is a certain ambiguity regarding the ethnic aspect of the concept in the modern era, sincethe term also includes members of minorities, such as the Sami and Mean peoples, in a political and to some extent cultural sense, who are citizens of Scandinavian countries and speak Scandinavian languages ​​as their first or second language. However, "Scandinavia" is still considered an ethnic term for most of the Germanic peoples of Scandinavia, and therefore the inclusion of Sami and Finnish peoples can be seen as controversial in relation to these groups.

Origin of the name Scandinavia

The origins of the names Scandinavia and Scania (the southernmost province of Sweden) are considered to be the same.Both terms go back to the Proto-Germanic compound Skaðin-awjō, which appears later in Old English as Scedenig and in Old Norse as Skáney.The earliest identified source for the name Scandinavia is the Natural Histories, compiled around 77 AD. e. Pliny the Elder.

Various references to the region can also be found in Piteis, Pomponius Mela, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Procopius and Jordanes, usually under the title Scandza.The name used by Pliny is believed to be of West Germanic origin, originally meaning Scania.According to some scholars, the Germanic root was transformed into Skaðan (Skaidan), meaning "danger" or "damage" (English scathing, German Schaden, Dutch schade).The second part of the name has been reconstructed as awjō, meaning "land on water" or "island".The name "Scandinavia" would then mean "dangerous island", which refers to the treacherous sandy shores surrounding Scania.

The Old Norse goddess name Skaði, along with Sca(n)dinavia and Skáney, may be related to Gothic skadus, Old English sceadu, Old Saxon scado and Old German scato, meaning "shadow".Scholar John McKinnell suggests that the origin of the name is related to the goddess Skadi, and that she may once have been the personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld.

Descriptions of Scadinavia

Pliny's descriptions of Scatinavia and the surrounding area are not always easy to decipher.According to him, there were 23 islands and the "most famous" island of the region, Scatinavia, of unknown size, wherelived the Gillevions.The belief that Scandinavia was an island was common among classical authors in the first century and dominated classical texts for subsequent centuries.

Pliny describes Scatinavia as containing a mountain range called Saevo, which extends to a large promontory called Kimbri (Cimbrorum) and ends in a bay called Codanus Sinus. It is here, in this abyss, that you can find the island of Scatinavia.Geographical features have been identified in various ways;According to some scholars, "Saevo" is considered to be the mountainous Norwegian coast at the entrance to the Skagerrak, and the Cimbrian Peninsula is considered to be Skagen, the northern tip of Jutland, the only mainland part of Denmark.As described, Saevo and Scatinavia could also be the same place.

Pliny mentions Scandinavia again in Book VIII in his description of an animal native to the island of Scandinavia called the ahl. The animal grazes, has a large upper lip and some mythical attributes.

The name "Scandia", later used as a synonym for Scandinavia, also appears in Pliny's Natural Histories, but is used for a group of northern European islands which he refers to as lands north of Britain.Thus, "Scandia" does not appear to refer to the island of Scadinavia in Pliny's text.The idea that "Scadinavia" may have been one of the islands of "Scandia" was introduced by Ptolemy (c. 90 - 168 BC), a mathematician, geographer and astrologer from Roman Egypt.He used the name "Scandia" for the largest, easternmost of the three islands of "Scandia", which he said were located east of Jutland.

The lists of the Scandinavian tribes of Plytius and Ptolimaeus do not include the Suiones mentioned in the Tacitian Chronicles.Some early Swedish scholars of the Swedish Hyperborean school during the period of 19th century Romantic nationalism put forward the general theory that they must have been mentioned in the original texts and lost over time due to spelling errors or other changes.

Scandinavian countries interesting facts

The Latin names in Pliny's text gave rise to various forms in medieval Germanic texts. According to the historian Jordan(551 BC) about the origin and deeds of the Getae, the form "Scandza" was used for the name of their original home, separated by sea from Europe.The location of where Jordans wanted to find this supposedly legendary island is still hotly debated, both in scientific discussions and in nationalist discourse in various European countries.The form of Scandinavia as the original home of the Lombards appears in the histories of Paulus Diaconus.Other versions of Lombard history include forms such as Scadan, Scandanan, Scadanan and Scatenauge.Frankish sources used Sconaowe and Aethelweard, Anglo-Saxon historians - Scani. In the poemBeowulf used the forms Scedenige and Scedeland.

Other origins of the name

Other theories are that all or part of the name segments were derived from the Mesolithic people inhabiting the region.In modern times, Scandinavia is a peninsula, but approximately 10,300 and 9,500 years ago South part Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern peninsula by waters Baltic Sea through the area where Stockholm is now located.

Some Basque scholars have provided the idea that the sk segment that appears in Skaðinawjō is related to the name of the Yuzko peoples, native to the Basque people who inhabited parts of Europe during the Bronze Age.According to some of these intellectuals, Scandinavians share certain genetic characteristics (DNA) with the Basque people.

Location of Scandinavia on the world map

The geography of Scandinavia is extremely diverse.Well-known are the Norwegian fjords, the Scandinavian mountains, the flat, low regions of Denmark and the archipelagos of Sweden and Norway.Sweden has many lakes and moraines that are a legacy of the Ice Age.

The climate changes from north to south and from west to east. Maritime climate on the west coast, typical of Western Europe, predominates in Denmark, southern Sweden and along the west coast of Norway, characterized by frequent precipitation, reaching 5000 mm in some areas of Norway. The central part, from Oslo to Stockholm, has a humid continental climate, which gradually gives way to a subarctic climate further north and a cool maritime climate on the west coast. A small area along the northern coast east of the North Cape has a tundra climate, resulting in cool summers. The Scandinavian mountains block the soft, humid air from the southwest, so northern Sweden and the Finnmarksvid plateau in Norway receive little rainfall and cold winters. Most of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate.

The hottest temperature recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in Malilla (Sweden), andthe lowest temperature is 52.6 °C in Vuoggatlmeme (Sweden).The coldest month of 1985 was February in Vittangi (Sweden) with a temperature of -27.2 °C.

Due to southwesterly winds, the narrow Norwegian fjords experience warm winter temperatures;Tafjord recorded 17.9°C in January, and Sunndal recorded 18.9°C in February.

Scandinavian languages

North Germanic (Scandinavian) and Sami languages ​​are language groups that have coexisted since ancient times on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Later, as a result of migrations, Finnish, Jewish and Gypsy languages ​​spread. In Denmark, German is also a minority language. Along with common languages, Sami and minority languages ​​such as Hebrew and Romani are protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

North Germanic languages ​​of Scandinavia

The North Germanic languages ​​of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into East Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish) and West Scandinavian branches of the family (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese), but due to changes seen in the languages ​​since 1600, the East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian branches in have now been reorganized into the insular Scandinavian branch with the participation of Icelandic, Faroese and mainland Scandinavian, including Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.The modern division is based on the degree of mutual understanding between the languages ​​of the two branches.The population of Scandinavian countries whose native language is Scandinavian can, with at least some training, understand each other's standard languages ​​as they are used in print and heard on radio and television.

The reason why Danish, Swedish and the two official written forms of Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmål) are traditionally viewed as different languages ​​rather than dialects of one common language is that each is the generally accepted standard language in its own country.Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have been influenced to varying degrees by Low German and Standard German since the Middle Ages.Much of this influence was a by-product of the economic activity caused by the Hanseatic League.

Norwegians accustomed to the variety can perceive Danish and Swedish at the level of distant dialects.This is due to the fact that they have two official written standard languages, in addition to a strong penchant for local dialects.People from Stockholm, Sweden, Copenhagen and Denmark have great difficulty understanding other Scandinavian languages.In the Faroe Islands and Iceland, learning Danish is compulsory.This leads to the fact that the Faroese, as well as the Icelanders, become bilingual and speak two completely different North Germanic languages ​​at once, which allows them to understand the other two continental Scandinavian languages ​​with relative ease.

Although Iceland was under Danish political control, the Danish language had little influence on Icelandic, and remainedpreferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland.Danish was not used for official communications, most royal officials were of Icelandic origin, and the language of the church and courts remained Icelandic.

Finnish language

The Scandinavian languages ​​(as a language family) are completely unrelated to the Finnish, Estonian and Sami languages, which, like the Uralic languages, are distantly related to Hungarian.Due to the close proximity, there is still a lot of borrowing from Swedish and Norwegian by Finnish and Sami languages.The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also explained by the fact that Finnish, the language of the majority of the Finnish population, was considered a minority language while Finland was part of Sweden.Finns had to learn Swedish in order to advance their careers to higher positions.The Swedish language spoken in modern Finland includes many words borrowed from Finnish, while the written language remains closer to Swedish.

Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish having equal status at the national level. The majority of Finland's population is Finnish, whose native language is either Finnish (approximately 95%) or Swedish, or both. The Swedish-speaking minority lives mainly on the coast from the city of Porvoo in the Gulf of Finland to the city of Kokkola in the Gulf of Bothnia.The Åland Islands, an autonomous province of Finland, located in the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden, are entirely Swedish-speaking. Studying the official language in school depends on the background of the children: d For Swedes it is Finnish (usually from 3rd grade), and for Finns it is Swedish (usually from 3rd, 5th or 7th grade).

Finnish speakers constitute a linguistic minority in Sweden and Norway.There are also languages ​​derived from Finnish that developed separately, such as Meänkiel in Sweden and Kven in Norway.

Sami languages

Sami languages ​​are minority languages ​​in Scandinavia.They belong to a branch of the Uralic language family and are not related to the North Germanic languages, except for some grammatical (especially lexical) characteristics resulting from long-term contact. Sami languagedivided into several languages ​​or dialects.Consonant gradation is a feature in both the Finnish and Northern Sami dialects, but is not present in the Southern dialect, which is thought to have a different linguistic history.According to the Sami Information Center of the Sami Parliament in Sweden, the southern Sami population may have arisen as a result of earlier migration from the south to the Scandinavian Peninsula.

History of the Scandinavian countries

During the period of Christianization and state formation in the 10th-13th centuries, numerous Germanic small kingdoms and chiefdoms were united into three kingdoms:

Denmark, formed from the Danish lands (including Jutland, Zealand and Scania on the Scandinavian Peninsula).

Sweden, formed from the Swedish lands on the Scandinavian Peninsula (excluding the provinces of Bohuslan, Härjedalen, Jämtland, Idre-Särna, Halland, Blekinge and Scania of modern Sweden, but including most of modern Finland).

Norway (including Bohuslan, Härydalen, Jämtland and Ydre Särna on the Scandinavian Peninsula and the island colonies of Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Orkney, the Isle of Man and the Hebrides).

In 1387, the three Scandinavian kingdoms joined the Kalmar Union under Queen Margaret I of Denmark.Sweden left the union in 1523 under the leadership of King Gustav Vasa.After Sweden separated from the Kalmar Union, civil war broke out in Denmark and Norway andfollowed by the Protestant Reformation.When everything was settled, the Norwegian Privy Council was abolished, the meeting of which was last time occurred in 1537. The close alliance formed by the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in 1536 lasted until 1814. From this unequal union subsequently emerged three sovereign successor states: Denmark, Norway and Iceland.

The borders between the three countries took the form they had since the mid-17th century. In the 1645 Treaty of Bremsebro, Denmark-Norway ceded to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre-Särna, as well as the Baltic Sea, Gotland and Osel Islands (in Estonia). Treaty of Roskilde, signed in 1658, forced Denmark-Norway to cede to Sweden the Danish provinces of Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm and the Norwegian provinces of Bohuslän and Trøndelag.The Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 forced Sweden to return Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark-Norway and give up its recent claims to the island of Funen.

Scandinavian alliances

Denmark-Norway, as a historiographical name, refers to the former political union consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, including the Norwegian dependencies of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.During Danish rule, Norway retained its separate laws, coins and army, as well as some institutions such as the royal chancellor.The ancient royal dynasty of Norway ended with the death of Olav IV in 1387, but the inherited kingdom of Norway became an important factor for the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark-Norway to win elections for the throne of Denmark.

The Treaty of Kiel (January 14, 1814) formally terminated the Danish-Norwegian alliance and ceded the territory of Norway to the King of Sweden, but Denmark retained Norway's overseas possessions.However, widespread opposition in Norway to the prospect of a union with Sweden prompted the governor of Norway, heir Prince Christian Frederick (later Christian VIII of Denmark), to convene a Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in April 1814. The Assembly adopted a liberal constitution and Christian Friedrich was elected to the throne of Norway.After the Swedish invasion, under the terms of the peace negotiations of the Convention of Moss (14 August 1814), Christian Frederik left the throne, but Norway retained its independence and its constitution within a close union with Sweden.Christian Frederik officially abdicated his position on 10 August 1814 and returned to Denmark. November 4The Norwegian parliament, the Storting, elected King Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway.

Political Scandinaviism

The modern use of the term "Scandinavia" was influenced by Scandinavianism (the political movement of the Scandinavians), which was active in the mid-19th century, during the period between the First Schleswig War (Danish-Prussian War 1848-1850) and the Second Schleswig War (Austro-Prussian-Danish 1864 ).

The Swedish king also proposed uniting Denmark, Norway and Sweden into a single kingdom.The source of this proposal was the turbulent events during the Napoleonic Wars at the beginning of the century.This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 and Norway (allied with Denmark since 1387, although considered a de facto province) becoming independent in 1814, but soon forced to join into an alliance with Sweden.The dependent territories of Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, historically part of Norway, remained in Denmark under the Treaty of Kiel.Thus, Sweden and Norway were united under the Swedish monarch, but the incorporation of Finland into the Russian Empire excluded the possibility of a political union between Finland and any other Scandinavian country.

The end of the Scandinavian political movement came when Denmark was refused military support promised by Sweden and Norway to annex the (Danish) Duchy of Schleswig, which, together with the German Duchy of Holstein, was allied with Denmark.The Second War of Schleswig followed in 1864, a short but disastrous war between Denmark and Prussia (supported by Austria).Schleswig-Holstein was conquered by Prussia and after Prussia's success in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was created under Prussian leadership and a new balance of power was established among the Baltic Sea countries.

Never judge a summer resort
by postcards.
Folk wisdom

Chapter 2. Geography of the world's tourism resources

2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe

international tourism(definition and research methods). Connection of the course “International Tourism” with other scientific disciplines.

Classification of types of tourism activities. Prospects for the development of international tourism. Modern factors in the development of international tourism.

2.1.1. Scandinavian countries

The Scandinavian region traditionally includes three countries:.

Finland, Sweden and Norway. In addition to them, Denmark and Iceland are also included here. These countries, in addition to their geographical proximity and northern location, have a number of other common features: common historical development, a high level of economic development and prosperity, and a relatively small population.

FINLAND- “the country of a thousand lakes” (a consequence of the glacial past), does not have rich natural resources, with the exception of forest and water. A significant part of the country - Lapland - is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The shores of the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia are indented by shallow bays with islands located there - skerries. Despite its northern location, the climate here is temperate continental due to the warm Gulf Stream and many inland reservoirs. A special feature of Finland's nature is kamos - the polar night.

The population of Finland is about 5 million people, mostly Finns and Swedes live here, and their religion is Lutheran.

During the existence Swedish state, which included Finland, the Finns were viewed mainly as “cannon fodder”. In the 19th century Finland joined Russian Empire, which led to the flourishing of Finnish national culture and the transfer of the capital from the west, from the city of Turku, to the east of the country, to Helsinki. Helsinki was founded during the period of Swedish rule in order to displace the then prosperous Hanseatic city of Tallinn. At 155 0 King Gustave Vasa of Sweden, who wanted to oust Tallinn, decides to establish a port face to face with the rival city. This is how Helsinki came into being.

Finland became an independent state after the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. in Russia.

Taking advantage of the proclaimed V.I. With Lenin's right of nations to self-determination, she was able to defend her national sovereignty. Administratively, the country is divided into 11 provinces (lani) and one autonomy - the Åland Islands. Finland is an economically highly developed country. High-quality paper, Nokia cell phones, diesel engines, elevator equipment, cruise ships, sports equipment - this is the “calling card” of Finnish industry.

Natural resources are no less important for the country's economy. And this is not only forest, covering a significant part of Finland. According to UNESCO, Finland ranks first in the world in terms of groundwater quality. The natural springs here are so pure that tap water can be drunk without filtering or boiling. In recent years, there has been an increase in the export of Finnish drinking water. In this, Finland has every chance to repeat the success of Nokia mobile phones and pulp and paper products.

Finland has an excellent and interesting education system. The Finns have achieved great success in the development of telecommunications and wood processing technologies. In addition, they are actively doing business in the northwestern region of Russia. Accordingly, studying in Finland can become a prologue for a diploma student to a successful career in a branch of one of the foreign companies in Russia.

According to the natural and historical-economic features in Finland, the following regions can be distinguished: Southern Finland with the center in the city of Helsinki, Western Finland with the center in the ancient capital of the country - Turku, Central Finland with major centers Tampere and the winter sports capital of Lahti. The country's largest port, Kotka, is located in Eastern Finland. The north of Finland is occupied by Lapland with its center in the city of Rovaniemi.

Åland Islands- a state within a state, the inhabitants of the islands have always been known as good sailors and fishermen.

In Helsinki, tourists are usually offered a number of excursions: bridges and canals of Helsinki, a boat trip with dinner, an excursion to Kotka.

A salmon fair and salmon fishing competitions are held. The Kotka-Verdi sailing regatta (Estonia) and other sailing competitions are organized in Kotka. Tourists are also offered boat trips. One of the most famous attractions of Turku, the ancient capital of Finland, is Cathedral - main temple Lutheran faith and national shrine of Finland. It is considered the most valuable architectural monument of the country. The cathedral is not only a museum, it is a place of worship for parishioners, in particular for the Swedish-speaking population of the city. The cathedral is already more than 700 years old. It began to be built in the 13th century, when Turku became the most important trading center in the country.

The construction of the cathedral was completed by 1300.

One of most beautiful places The country is considered to be Central Finland. This is a lake district. Thus, in the city of Kuopio, located on the shores of Lake Kallavesi, tourists are offered a huge selection of boat trips. Small boats and water buses depart from the port daily. “Build a sauna first, and then a house” is a famous Finnish proverb. The sauna is an integral part of the Finnish way of life. Restraint, slowness, seriousness, silence, precision are the characteristics of Finnish behavior. Skiing, fishing, hockey - the secrets of Finnish longevity.

A visa is permission to enter the country. Visa-free entry to Finland is allowed only for citizens of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Norway), as well as for citizens of the European Union.

SWEDEN- a country occupying most of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Scandinavian mountains are mountains of old folding, rich in ore minerals. Swedish steel, made from local iron ores, is considered one of the best in the world. There are many lakes in Southern Sweden. Here is the largest lake in Europe - Lake Venerna, in the extreme south there is a fertile hill, the breadbasket - the Småland region.

Sweden is a predominantly single-ethnic country with a population of about 9 million people, more than 90% of the inhabitants are Swedes. Sweden's temperate continental climate is a consequence of 54 two factors: the influx of warm, humid air masses from the Atlantic and the penetration of cold air from the Arctic.

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy. Traditionally, every year the King of Sweden awards honorary Nobel Prizes to the five most outstanding scientists and public figures in the world. The country consists of 24 lenas (provinces). The capital of the country is Stockholm, a port on the Baltic Sea. It is very beautiful, it has many attractions and museums - the national one, the open-air ethnographic museum, the northern Milles garden, the Vasa Museum and the Treasury.

Once dominant in Northern Europe, Sweden has not been involved in wars for almost 190 years, maintaining political neutrality.

Sweden has a highly developed economy and a high standard of living for its population. The basis of the economy is wood processing, pulp and paper industry, metallurgy, hydropower, and mechanical engineering.

Sweden is a music exporter. The ABBA ensemble brought fame to musical Sweden. Children's writer A. Lindgren, or rather, her characters (Malysh and Carlson) are familiar to millions of children.

Sweden is called the “land of late professors.” The fact is that, according to the old Swedish tradition, the teacher has the right to be late for class by exactly a quarter of an hour. And classes at Swedish universities begin at nine in the morning. If the professor is delayed longer, the class is cancelled. There was no case in which any of the teachers neglected their traditional historical right to be late.

In terms of regional differences in Sweden, three large cities can be noted - Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. Stockholm is called the “city on the water”, Malmo in the south of Sweden is the “city of parks”, Gothenburg on the west coast is the country’s largest port. In northern Sweden there are numerous oblong lakes rich in fish. Logs are floated along mountain rivers and numerous hydroelectric power stations are located here.

In the northern regions of Sweden in the summer the sun does not fall below the horizon. Here you can often find whole herds of elk and deer grazing not far from their homes. local residents.

Famous ski resortÅre consists of four villages - Duved, Tegefjell, Åre By and Åre Bjornen. All villages are connected by bus routes. Åre meets all global requirements for a high-level ski resort. Due to its high technical characteristics, this resort is often called the “Scandinavian Alps”. Alpine skiing World Cup stages have been held here several times.

In the southern regions of the country, landscapes are varied. The coastal strip alternates sandy and pebble beaches with rocks. Lake Vänern, Europe's largest, is located here. Southern Sweden is occupied by the regions of Skåne, Halland and Småland. Skåne has famous beech forests and numerous golf courses.

Holland is famous for its endless sandy beaches. This is a great place to relax in a secluded house on the coast or a small hotel in small Swedish towns, which have a special atmosphere of provincial Sweden. It is the region of Småland that the Swedes themselves consider the real Sweden. The “Kingdom of Crystal” is located here - 15 villages where glassblowing is developed. In southern Sweden, the famous 16-kilometer bridge connects the city of Malmö with the Danish capital, Copenhagen.

The center of Western Sweden is the city of Gothenburg, located on the Göta River. The city's population is 500 thousand people.

Gothenburg is Sweden's second largest city and its most important port.

The bishop's residence and university are located in Gothenburg.

Central Sweden is a mecca for those interested in Swedish culture. Dalarna is an area in this part of the country that is known as the center of Swedish folklore. IN holidays here you can meet local residents dressed in national costumes, and also take part in folk festivals. The capital of Sweden is located on the Baltic Sea coast. The metro in Stockholm resembles an art gallery. Dozens of artists and sculptors took part in the design of the stations. The city has an almost environmentally friendly environment. As already noted, Stockholm has a number of museums, among which the Vasa Museum is especially noteworthy. This is a museum of a royal ship built in the 17th century. The ship was very large for those times. The height of its masts was 50 m. It was equipped with 64 cannons and many excellently made sculptural details. The ship began its first voyage in August 1628, but was capsized by a sudden squall and sank. In 196 1 he was found and raised. The ship is perfectly preserved. Now it is the main exhibit of the museum.

The royal castle houses a small but very visited museum - the Treasury, where the treasures of the royal family are displayed, including the sword of King Gustav Vasa and the crown of the Swedish kings. Stockholm's attractions also include the luxurious royal palace, which is of great historical and artistic value, and the city hall, where the largest organ in Scandinavia is installed.

There are two large islands in the Baltic Sea - Öland and Gotland, which are part of Sweden. Eland Island is famous for its sandy beaches. Here, on the island, there is a reliably recreated village from Viking times with all the attributes of that era. Gotland is the largest island in the Baltic Sea. Visby, the main city of the island, is surrounded by a medieval fortress wall that has survived to this day and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Among the cruises that can be offered to tourists in Sweden, a cruise along the Göta Canal, connecting Stockholm and Gothenburg, should be noted. Tourists will see fortresses, castles, monasteries, dense forests and much more.

NORWAY. Vacations and excursion trips along the Norwegian fjords have recently become one of the most popular and fashionable types of recreation among tourists. Norwegian fjords are deep-water bays of the Atlantic Ocean, cutting into the land among steep cliffs and high mountains with glaciers frozen on the tops and rapid waterfalls. The fjords were formed by glaciers that, over many ice ages, cut deeper and deeper into solid rock.

Recently, leading tourism experts held a competition to determine the most popular destination in the world. This competition was held by the largest international tourism magazine, National Geographic Traveler. Among the competitors of the Norwegian fjords were 115 other places known for their unique beauty throughout the world. Nevertheless, the undisputed winner of the competition was the Norwegian fjords.

In order to explore the main attraction of Norway - the fjords, tourists go to the city of Bergen. Bergen is Norway in miniature, it is the history of the entire country, it is the capital of the kingdom of trolls and picturesque fjords. In Bergen, tourists can visit the Hanseatic Embankment, listed as a UNESCO world cultural property; the beautiful ancient fortress of Bergenhus - the first capital of the Kingdom of Norway;

The Troll Hill estate is the residence of the famous Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg. In 1909 Bergen entered service Railway, connecting Oslo and Bergen. To provide a transport route to Sognefjord, in 1923. began construction of a parallel route to Flåm. In 1944 the road was open. The train covers a 20 km section, passing through 20 tunnels with a total length of 6 km between Flåm and Myrdal, in approximately 1 hour. Tourists admire the amazing nature:.

There are rivers around, deep gorges, waterfalls washing steep mountain walls with snow-covered peaks, mountain farms.

Norway is a country of ancient Vikings, but since the 14th century. was a dependent state of Denmark and Sweden, and since 1905. - independent country. Most of it is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains. Norway's moderate oceanic climate, despite its northern location, is determined by the Gulf Stream, which passes off the coast of the country.

Oil and gas found on the North Sea shelf off the coast of Norway added to the national wealth of an already prosperous country. Norway is among the major maritime powers exporting fish and seafood.

Norway, like Sweden, is a constitutional monarchy with 19 provinces.

The capital of Norway, Oslo, is located in the south of the country. Its main attractions: Vigellan sculpture park, Holmenkoln ski jump, Viking ship museum, Kontiki museum. In addition to Oslo, there are two main tourist areas in Norway:.

“The country of fjords”, which occupies the southern and central part of the country, and Northern Norway.

The “Country of Fjords” includes several regions: Rogoland, Hordoland, Sognefjord, More og Romsdal. Rogoland is the southernmost region of the fjord country. The cities of Stavanger and Hauge Sund are located here. Stavanger is the largest city in this region, as well as the fourth largest in all of Norway. It has retained the unique flavor of antiquity: on the narrow streets you can find many cafes, restaurants, shops and museums. Stavanger initially developed through the fish trade, like many cities in Norway. After oil fields were discovered on the North Sea shelf, oil company headquarters appeared here. Haugesund is famous for its popular festivals and historical open-air museum. There is a waterfall not far from the city. The center of the Hordoland region is the city of Bergen.

The Sognefjord region is home to Norway's longest fjord, called Sognefjord. It is also the deepest fjord in the world, its depth is 1300 m - only a few meters less than the height of the surrounding mountains. The More og Romsdal region is the northernmost region of the fjord country. The center of this area is the city of Ålesund. Numerous medieval turrets, romantic facades and spiers of buildings have become the hallmark of Alesund. It is one of the most important centers of the fishing industry in Norway. The central city of Northern Norway is the city of Bode. Within this region are the Lofoten Islands, which are called the “Lofoten Wall”. These islands are famous for their high mountains, beautiful bays and wild coastal landscapes.

A popular tour among tourists is Northern Norway and the Murmansk region: Murmansk - Tromso - Bode - Lofoten Islands - Tromso - North Cape - Kirkenes - Murmansk. The highlight of this tour is a cruise along the coast of Northern Norway from Bode to Kirkenes.

Norway - homeland skiing. Winter resorts began to develop here almost simultaneously with the main ski centers in Europe. This was largely due to the fact that the winter season in Norway is the longest on the entire continent. Yailo is the most famous and popular Norwegian ski resort. International slalom and cross-country skiing competitions are held here. The resort has a well-developed winter sports base with more than a century of tradition. Yailo is often called an “alpine town”, because the first alpine skiing competitions in Norway were held there in 1935. There is snow here almost all year round.

The small town of Lillehamer, located on the shores of Lake Mjøsa, is famous. In 1994 The Winter Olympic Games were held here. Hafjell is the site of the 1994 Olympic slalom competition. This resort is located 15 km from Lillehamer. The ski resort of Kvitfjell, which means “White Mountain”, is a favorite vacation spot of the Norwegian elite. The slalom World Cup and biathlon competitions are held here annually. The resorts of Gausdal, Gala, and Hemsedal are also popular.

In addition to sports competitions, winter resorts in Norway offer dog sled rides, reindeer rides, scooter rides, and ice skating.

DENMARK occupies most of the Jutland Peninsula and a group of nearby islands. Administratively, the country consists of 14 regions. The population is about 5 million people. Ethnic composition: Danes, Germans, Frisians, Faresians.

The government system is a constitutional monarchy. The official language is Danish. Religion - Lutheranism.

The most ancient monuments in Denmark date back to the 8th-7th millennia BC. In the 8th century The first kingdom was formed on Danish territory. Since the 18th century Denmark is a colonial power. It still owns the Faroe Islands and the island.

Denmark is a country covered with high hills.

The climate is temperate, moderated by the North Atlantic current.

The main tourist attractions are concentrated in the capital of Denmark - Copenhagen. In the historical center of the city, near the town hall, there is a monument to the famous children's writer, the most famous Dane, Hans Christian Andersen, the great storyteller of the 19th century, and at the entrance to Copenhagen harbor there is a world-famous sculpture of the Little Mermaid, the heroine of Andersen's fairy tale. Among the attractions of the capital of Denmark, the palace complex of Amalienborg (18th century) should be especially noted. Four identical buildings are located opposite each other on an octagonal square, in the center of which stands the equestrian monument to Frederick V. The Nyhaun Canal is a place where tourists can visit exotic old-style taverns and shops.

The Danish islands are also interesting in terms of tourism. The island of Zealand is the commercial center of the country. It also has beautiful beaches, lakes, forests and palaces. The island of Funen is called the “garden of Denmark”, where there are more than a hundred castles open to visitors, hundreds of picturesque old villages. However, the main attraction of Denmark is the Danes themselves - their friendliness, hospitality and humor.

Faroe islands is an autonomous region of Denmark, including 18 inhabited and a number of uninhabited islands in the northeast Atlantic Ocean in the Norwegian Sea, between Norway and Iceland. The capital of the islands is the city of Tórshavn. Local attractions include a historical museum, an art gallery, and an ancient monastery. Tourists also make excursions to a sheep farm, engage in fishing in the sea.

Greenland- the largest island in the world, its area is 2 million sq. km, which is equivalent to one quarter of the territory of the United States. Ice 3-4 km thick covers a significant part of the island. The capital of Greenland is the city of Nuuk, which is home to about 15 thousand inhabitants.

Greenland is known as a destination for sea cruises. Here 61 tourists are offered fishing, hunting, dog sledding, motor sleigh rides, and, of course, skiing is common.

ICELAND. This country is located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite the circumpolar location, the climate here is relatively mild: on the coast the average temperature in January is from 0 to 2°, in July - from 10 to 15°. This is a consequence of the influence of the Gulf Stream, which prevents the island from turning into an Arctic desert. Glaciers and volcanoes are the face of Iceland.

This appearance is complemented by beautiful waterfalls and geysers, the heat of which is used to heat buildings. Iceland is sparsely populated, the country's population is only 290 thousand people.

The discoverers of Iceland were Norwegian sailors.

The basis of the country's economy is fishing. Tourism in Iceland is primarily associated with visiting natural attractions: glaciers, fjords, canyons, volcanoes, geysers. The sulfurous water of geysers can be the basis of medical and health tourism.

Among the attractions of the country's capital, Reykjavik (translated as "bay of smoke") are the Natural History Museum, the National Museum, the National Gallery, the Hallgrim Church and the Leif Erikson Monument - a gift from the United States in honor of the millennium of the founding of the Althing, the oldest living parliament in the world.

There are four tourist regions in Iceland: Western Iceland; Northern Iceland; East Iceland; South Iceland. Western Iceland includes the area between Reykjavik and the Klopningnes Peninsula. Here is the Snæfellsjökull volcano, which is almost 1.5 km high.

The territory of Northern Iceland includes eight peninsulas, separated from each other by bays and fjords - the Jökulsárgljúfur National Park is located in this area.

The northern capital of Iceland is the city of Akureyri. Bird watching tours are popular here. You can also see whales here. The visiting card of East Iceland is the Vatnajokull glacier, and the fjords are also a local attraction.

There is a ferry terminal connecting Iceland with the Faroe Islands and Norway. Symbols of South Iceland: Skogafoss and Seljalandfoss waterfalls and black volcanic sand.

Scandinavia is a geographical region located in northern Europe, on the peninsula of the same name.

The term “Scandinavia” is a general concept and is used as a synonym for the Scandinavian countries and the countries of Northern Europe, which includes three countries: Norway, Finland, Sweden, and at the same time also Iceland and Denmark, which look great on the world map.

In contact with

Classmates

These countries, with the exception of their close proximity, have a number of holistic advantages:

1. cohesion;
2. high level of well-being;
3. growth of economic stability;
4. relatively small population;
5. peoples speak similar Scandinavian languages.

Small country

Norway is a small country, however, on the world stage, its navy ranks fourth. Norwegians are rightfully famous for their own shipbuilding. Most of the population is engaged in fishing, and also in logging. The capital of the country - Oslo - is an industrial city and major port. Norway is a monarchy (constitutional), including 19 provinces. Its main beauties are: the Viking Ship Museum, the Holmenkoln springboard, the Vigellan sculpture park, and the Kontiki Museum.

The wild nature and beautiful landscapes of Norway fascinate tourists with colorful fjords, glaciers, rushing waterfalls and valleys covered with luxurious flora.

Member of the European Union

Finland is a Scandinavian state in northern Europe, a member of the EU (European Union) and the Schengen Agreement, bordering the Russian Federation (RF), Norway and Sweden.

Finland - the “land of a thousand lakes” does not own the rich natural resources, but is famous for forest and water. A significant part of the country - Lapland - is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The country is washed by the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, the coast of which is indented by shallow bays. The climate is temperate continental due to the warm Gulf Stream and the abundance of inland water bodies. A characteristic indicator of the nature of Finland is the polar night. The indigenous inhabitants are Finns and Swedes, religion is Lutheran. The population is about 5 million people.

No less significant for the country’s economy are natural reserves. And it's not just the forest that covers a large part of Finland. According to UNESCO, this country ranks first in the world in terms of groundwater quality. Here the natural springs are so impeccable that the tap water can be drunk without filtering or boiling. Currently, there has been dramatic progress in the export of Finnish drinking water. In addition, Finland has every chance to resume and speed up processes in the pulp and paper industry.

State has an excellent education system. The Finns have achieved enormous results in the development of telecommunications and methods of wood processing. In addition, they are dynamically promoting business in the northwestern area Russian Federation(RF). In accordance with this, studying in Finland can be the beginning for a diploma student to a successful career in a branch of one of the foreign companies in the Russian Federation.

Kingdom of Sweden

Sweden is a country, occupying the maximum part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The mountains of ancient folding (Scandinavian mountains) are rich in ore minerals. Steel produced from local iron ores is considered one of the best on the globe. There are a huge number of lakes in Southern Sweden, among them Venerna, and there is also a fertile hill, but the region of Småland is still the breadbasket.

Sweden - mostly one-national state With a population of approximately 9 million people, more than 90% of the inhabitants are Swedish. A temperate continental climate is the achievement of two circumstances: the entry of cold air from the Arctic and the entry of warm, humid air currents from the Atlantic.

Sweden is a monarchy (constitutional). Every year, the King of Sweden awards honorary Nobel Prizes to five of the world's most outstanding scientists and social activists. The country consists of 24 provinces. The capital of the country is the city of Stockholm, it has many attractions and museums, for example, the national one; ethnographic which is located in the open air; Vasa Museum; Milles Garden and Treasury.

It is also worth noting the fact that Sweden, which once dominated Northern Europe, has not taken part in wars for almost 190 years, maintaining political neutrality.

Sweden has a developed economic structure and high standard of living of the population. The following industries directly serve as the base:

1. woodworking;
2. pulp and paper industry;
3. metallurgy;
4. mechanical engineering and hydropower.

Sweden is considered a music exporter. For example, the popularity of the ABBA ensemble exceeded all expectations and broke all records in the history of pop music. It is impossible not to mention the children's fairy tale “The Kid and Carlson,” familiar to millions of children, written by the wonderful writer A. Lindgren.

Pearl of Scandinavia

Denmark - the pearl of Scandinavia, which occupies the maximum share of the Jutland Peninsula and a number of nearby islands, which includes Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

The management program includes 14 areas. The capital of Denmark is the city of Copenhagen, where the central tourist attractions are concentrated: a monument to the children's writer Hans Christian Andersen, the famous storyteller of the 19th century, the famous sculpture of the Little Mermaid, the Amalienborg palace complex (18th century), etc. By the way, it is worth noting that historical cultural monuments in Denmark date back to the 8th - 7th millennia BC.

Political system- a constitutional monarchy. The official language is Danish. Religion - Lutheranism. Ethnic groups: Danes, Frisians, Germans, Faroese.

The climate is temperate, smoothed by the North Atlantic Current. Denmark is a country covered with elevated hills.

Iceland. This country is located in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, despite its circumpolar location, the climate is mild: on the coast the average temperature in January is from 0 to 2°C, in July - from 10 to 15°C. This is explained by the influence of the Gulf Stream, which prevents the island from transforming into an Arctic desert.

The basis of the economy is fishing and agriculture. The unique nature of Iceland is the most important asset of the Iceland, and state parks and the Haukadalur geyser valley, volcanoes and glaciers, waterfalls and fjords are its treasure. The city of Reykjavik is the capital, which is famous for: the Natural History Museum.

National Museum, monument to Leif Eriksson, etc. This look is complemented by gorgeous flora.

However, if you are planning to visit the Scandinavian countries on your own, then it will certainly help you car map(Garmin).

Road map of Scandinavian countries for compatible Garmin navigators, contains detailed road maps and memorable places for your device, where you can move without problems, note, the language is Russian: with the right tips, turn-by-turn for every address, intersection, restaurant complexes, gas stations and much more, much more. Thus, Scandinavia (the Scandinavian peninsula) is a storehouse of historical and cultural values.

In contact with

The Scandinavian countries offer a harsh northern climate, the highest quality of life and a rather interesting culture.

Scandinavia is traditionally called the North of Europe, or rather three countries that are located on the Scandinavian Peninsula and adjacent islands: Norway, Sweden and Denmark. In a broad philistine sense, Iceland and Finland are also often classified as Scandinavian countries.

Historically, Scandinavia is a land of harsh Vikings - sailors, traders and robbers rolled into one. For a long time, the Scandinavians were a big headache for the surrounding tribes, as they regularly carried out brutal raids on their neighbors.

Scandinavia map

Scandinavian sagas about brave heroes are, in fact, stories about how one of the kings (local tribal rulers) went to foreign lands, gloriously plundered them, brought mountains of goods, and the whole tribe feasted for many days, glorifying their breadwinner. The richer the booty, the greater the feat in the eyes of his fellow tribesmen.

Some of the Vikings became famous not only for robberies, but also for great geographical discoveries (Eric the Red, for example). But this is rather a pleasant bonus - the Scandinavians went across the three seas in search of rich booty, and not out of love for the unknown.

Scandinavia - the birthplace of the Vikings

Visa to Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland: documents

All Scandinavian countries are part of the Schengen zone and have uniform rules for visa documents. The list includes:

• A form that can be filled out for an electronic visa on the websites of Visa Application Centers of specific countries (see websites below)
• A foreign passport valid for at least three months as of the date of return from the trip (for Iceland, you must also attach copies of each page of the passport with marks)
• Photocopies of old Schengen visas (if they are pasted into the previous passport, attach a photocopy of its first page and the visas that are pasted into it)
• 2 color photos 3.5x4.5 cm on a white background (for Finland, the background needs a light gray)

Schengen visa to Sweden

• Receipt of payment of application fees (can be paid at the visa application center)
• A copy of the Russian Federation passport (all completed pages), children under 14 must attach a photocopy of the birth certificate, from 14 to 18 years old - both a photocopy of the saint and a photocopy of the Russian Federation passport (for Iceland a copy of all pages is required, even blank ones)
• Certificate: for workers - from their place of work, for students and schoolchildren - from their place of study, and a bank certificate confirming the availability of an account
• Hotel reservations can be made on Booking.com
• Booking train, air or ferry tickets
• Medical policy covering travel dates, coverage amount not less than 30,000 euros, In the “coverage area” column you must indicate “all Schengen countries”
• Consent to the processing of personal data (the form can be found on the visa websites below)
• Notarized consent to take a child to the Schengen area if one of the parents (or both) does not accompany the minor citizen of the Russian Federation on the trip

Consulate of Finland in St. Petersburg

Attention! Despite the general nature of the requirements, when applying for a visa to a specific Scandinavian country, additional nuances and document requirements may arise; please check with the Visa Centers for details.

More detailed information about the rules, terms and cost of a visa can be found on the following sites:

What language is spoken in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland?

In addition to common geography, the Scandinavian countries have a common culture and history. In each of the Scandinavian countries you will meet Finns, Swedes, Norwegians and representatives of small Scandinavian tribes and nationalities living there.

Sports fans from Sweden

The most common language in Scandinavia is Swedish: it is spoken by residents of Sweden and some citizens of Finland. In Finnish schools, basic learning of the Swedish language is included in the compulsory curriculum.

Finnish language - official language Finland, which can also be found in Sweden and Norway in the form of different dialects of local Finnish communities

Iceland was a Danish protectorate for a long time, so Icelandic and Danish languages ​​are found in both Denmark and Iceland. German is also spoken in Denmark.

In Norway, things are interesting with languages. Due to the huge variety of dialects in the country, there are two official Norwegian languages ​​and two national scripts. In general, the Norwegian language is very close in origin to the Icelandic and Danish languages

The Sami are the most widespread ethnic group in Finland.

Most urban residents of Scandinavia can speak English (basic level).

What is the currency in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland?

All five countries have a single currency in official circulation: the euro. One euro is equal to 100 euro cents. Banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 euros, as well as coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 euro cents, 1 and 2 euros are in circulation.

Currency can be exchanged at bank branches and at hotel receptions. Payments are accepted everywhere bank cards, there are terminals in every locality.

Euro is the official currency of the Scandinavian countries

Time difference with Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland

The time difference between Moscow and the Scandinavian countries is:

• Iceland, Reykjavik: -3 hours
• Denmark, Copenhagen: -1 hour
• Norway, Oslo: -1 hour
• Finland, Helsinki: time coincides with Moscow
• Sweden, Stockholm: -1 hour

The time difference with Moscow in Scandinavia is from 3 to 1 hour

New Year in Scandinavia: celebration, relaxation

Scandinavian countries are the most suitable place to celebrate the New Year. Somewhere, in the kingdom of eternal snow, there live real experts in winter entertainment and magical Christmas stories.

Winter holidays in the Scandinavian countries are, first of all, excellent excursions (read about the attractions of the Scandinavian countries below), and secondly, there are wonderful ski resorts (for more information about alpine skiing in Scandinavia, see).

But the main goal in Scandinavia, if you are traveling with children, is, of course, a trip to Santa Claus (or rather, to his Scandinavian brothers).

New Year in Scandinavia

Santa Claus Village in Finland

The largest residence of Santa Claus in Scandinavia is located near the Finnish city of Rovaniemi. Santa Park (that’s the name of the residence) is a whole fairy-tale city, which can be reached from Rovaniemi by regular bus in just 15 minutes.

In Santa Park you will find a lot of entertainment for children and adults: Mrs. Claus's gingerbread kitchen, the Post Office and Elf Toy Factory, reindeer sledding, ice rides and, of course, the main event for every visitor to Santa Park - a personal date with Santa Claus .

Santa Park is located on the edge of the Arctic Circle, where you can see the stunning aurora and be immersed in the polar night for days. The park has an official website in Russian, where you will find any additional information.

Santa Park in Rovaniemi, Finland

Residence of Santa Claus in Norway

In Norway, the residence of Santa Claus is located 300 km from Oslo in the town of Savalen. The local Santa Claus is called Julenissen, and his possessions are much more modest than the Finnish ones. But there is something to have fun here too.

You can visit Julenissen's office, where he reads letters from children, go to the local petting zoo with northern animals, treat yourself to ginger waffles and visit a gift factory.

In winter, not far from Julenissen's residence, a small ski resort with children's slopes opens. Dog sledding, reindeer sledding and snowmobiling are available. A good SPA center and Finnish sauna are open here all year round.

Tomteland - Santa Claus Village in Sweden

Where to find Santa Claus in Denmark?

Unfortunately, there is no Santa Claus village in the Kingdom of Denmark. But here every year you can see not just one, but hundreds of Santa Clauses from all over the world.

The World Santa Claus Congress traditionally takes place in July, lasts a whole week and includes in its program such important issues as the size of gingerbread cookies, the technique of moving in a chimney, the most fashionable gifts and much more.

During the congress in Copehagen, you can see the Santa Claus parade, take part in various shows and chat with real elves. See the official World Santa Claus Congres website.

World Santa Claus Congress in Denmark

Santa Claus in Iceland

Iceland is the most pagan of the Scandinavian countries, where Christian traditions have still not taken root very well, so Santa is a rather rare guest in Iceland. Instead of one kind grandfather, 15 harmful old men come to Icelandic children at once and instead of gifts they bring complete troubles.

In general, the presence of Santa Claus in Iceland is limited to branded mailboxes in which children drop their letters. But you won’t be able to meet directly with the local Santa Claus.

Yule - harmful Christmas old people in Iceland

Scandinavia Ferry Tours: Sweden, Finland

A very popular type of travel in the Scandinavian countries is ferry cruises from St. Petersburg. Tours are available all year round; you can purchase such a trip at any travel agency in Russia.

The routes and duration are different - from 3 days to two weeks. The price includes travel by bus from St. Petersburg to Helsinki, then the journey continues in a cabin (the level of comfort depends on your choice) of a modern ferry vessel.

Ferry boat on a cruise in Scandinavia

Meals are provided on the ferry, entertainment programs, there are souvenir stalls and shops. The ferry stops daily in one of the Scandinavian capitals. Group excursions around the city are offered on board. If you wish, you can take a walk on your own.

Some programs require overnight stays in a hotel for 1-2 nights (the choice of hotel category can also be made when ordering a tour).

The big advantage of such trips is the presence of a Russian-speaking escort, an expedited procedure for obtaining a visa and a certain comfort: you don’t feel the sway on the ferry, you live an ordinary hotel life here, but every day your “hotel” ends up in a new place - compared to bus excursions, this is huge plus.

You can roughly estimate the cost of traveling by ferry.

Cabin on a ferry boat in Scandinavia

Bus tours in Scandinavia

Bus tours to Scandinavia are another opportunity to see as many sights as possible in Northern Europe in one trip. Groups depart from St. Petersburg. The first leg of the journey usually involves a ferry to one of the Scandinavian countries, then you transfer to a bus and continue your journey.

Tours can be combined in different ways: duration, route and options for ferry and bus transportation depend on your wishes and specific tour operator programs. Within one tour, you can choose hotel categories and cabin comfort levels.

View ready-made options bus tours in Scandinavia it is possible.

Copenhagen, Denmark

Scandinavian countries

Sweden

Sweden is the most Scandinavian of all the Nordic countries. This country gave the world Carlson, the ABBA group, IKEA furniture and the Nobel Prize. The main values ​​of the Swedes are practicality, simplicity and restraint.

Sweden is a monarchy, but the king shares power with parliament and is more of an honorary figurehead. The Swedes adore their king, love everything with the prefix “eco”, and adhere to the ironclad rule “do not harm nature.” Interesting fact: in Sweden it is allowed to enter private property and walk on other people's lands, provided they treat nature with care.

Stockholm, Sweden

Summer holidays, attractions of Sweden

The most notable museums in Sweden: Vasa Ship Museum, Nobel Museum (interactive gallery of award winners), National Museum of Sweden (painting exhibition), Stockholm Architecture Museum (very strange building models), Stockholm Historical Museum (Viking treasures), Stockholm Natural History Museum (very interesting for children because many interactive exhibits) and the Museum of the Middle Ages (all about knights).

Vasa Ship Museum, Sweden

The most interesting castles and fortresses: Vadstena Abbey (14th century monastery), Gripsholm Castle (royal residence), Drottingholm Castle (local Versailles), Örebro, Malmö and Kalmar castles (dark Middle Ages)

Orebro Castle, Sweden

Globe Arena and Skyview– a venue for world-class sports competitions and concerts – a modern building with a huge spherical dome, to the top of which there is a special capsule funicular. Highest point The funicular is at bird's eye level and offers panoramic views of Stockholm in full view.

Globe Arena and Skyview lift in Sweden

Skansen– open-air folklore museum. This is an entire village that represents the traditional way of life in Sweden in the 19th-20th centuries. The village is “populated” by actors-animators in national costumes, who play the role of artisans, traders and ordinary people.

Skansen Museum in Sweden

Gamla Stan– the old center of Stockholm, a colorful medieval area with urban development traditional for Scandinavia at that time

Gamla Stan district in Sweden

Longholmen Prison– a former medieval dungeon, which currently houses a museum, restaurant and hotel at the same time. Hotel guests are provided with a prison uniform (optional), and on the walls of the rooms, which were once prison cells, information about their most famous prisoners is posted.

Hotel-prison in Longholm. Sweden

Royal Palace in Stockholm– the current residence of the Swedish monarchs, which is available for visits by tourists.

Unibakken- the town-museum of the Swedish storyteller Astrid Lindgren, inhabited by the heroes of her works: “Baby and Carlosn”, “Pippi Longstocking”, “Madiken and Pims from Junibakken”.

Junibakken Park, Sweden

Emporia– a mega-shopping center in Malmö, a mecca for local and visiting shopaholics, 200 stores of shoes, clothing and household items, as well as very unusual interiors.

What to bring from Sweden?

• A figurine of a moose is a national symbol, the most popular souvenir
• Swedish crystal - high quality products and extremely unusual designs
• Swedish chocolate is not inferior in quality to Swiss and Belgian
• Clothing - Swedish brands are almost unknown in Russia, but are highly valued in Europe for their quality and practicality

Moose figurine - a traditional souvenir from Sweden

Norway

Norway is a land of brave discoverers (the most famous are Thor Heyerdahl and Fridtjof Nansen), Norwegian fjords and, oddly enough, very friendly people. The harsh Nordic character here is manifested in everything: in the local landscapes of the harsh North, in folk legends, heroic figures of the Norwegians and their traditional entertainment.

Oslo is the capital of Norway

Recreation in summer and winter, attractions of the kingdom

Royal Palace in Oslo- the residence of the Norwegian kings, who are alive and rule the country to this day. The palace is open to tourists, but group tours are only in Swedish; to tour with an English- or Russian-speaking guide, you must make a reservation in advance.

Royal Palace in Oslo, Norway

Vigeland Park– a huge exhibition of sculptures (more than 200) by the Swedish sculptor Gustav Vigeland (in some places his work is strongly reminiscent of Tsereteli).

Bryggen- a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a medieval embankment quarter in the center of Bergen, which is familiar to almost everyone from tourist postcards and booklets of Norway.

Bryggen - promenade in Bergen, Norway

Oslo History Museum– an archaeological, ethnographic and art museum in one bottle, a huge exhibition.

Heni Unst Center d – museum of modern art and cultural center. Installations by local artists and concerts of ethnic music will drive the most sophisticated connoisseurs of modern artistic expressions crazy.

Norwegian Armed Forces Museum– an exhibition of weapons, camping equipment and the soldier’s life of Norwegian warriors from the early Viking era to the Second World War.

Sculpture in the center of Heni Unstad, Norway

Museums in honor of famous Norwegians:“Kon-Tiki” (about Thor Heyerdahl), Ibsen’s house-museum, Trollhaugen (Edvard Grieg’s estate), Exhibition-museum of paintings by Munch (the author of the famous painting “The Scream”).

Rosencrantz Tower and Hawkons Hall– an early medieval fortification structure and residence of King Haakon Haakonsson of Norway (XIII century).

Norwegian Museum of Ethnography– a folklore city with active infrastructure (craft shops, church, farm), interactive exhibitions (village and city life) and natural houses, carefully moved from different parts of Norway.

Haakon's Palace and Rosencrantz Tower, Norway

Cruises in the Norwegian Fjords. Fishing in Norway

Fjords of Norway

Norwegian fjords (bays) are a unique terrain that was formed during the Ice Age. A prehistoric glacier left deep cracks and fissures in the rocks of Norway, which eventually filled with water.

The fjords are the real pride of Norwegians and one of the main attractions for which tourists from all over the world come to this harsh northern region.

Hardangerfjord, Norway

The most famous fjords in Norway: Hardangerfjord (blooming fruit trees, mild climate, waterfalls), Geirangerfjord (picturesque villages and best fishing), Lysefjord (impregnable, mesmerizing cliffs), Sognefjord (glacier, national park and fabulous houses along the banks).

The best way to travel through the Norwegian fjords is a cruise, which will allow you to see the most inaccessible shores and stunning panoramic views of the coastline. Cruises come in different durations (usually a week) and a wide variety of routes (the entire coastline of Norway is indented with hundreds of bays of various sizes).

Fjord cruises run from April to October. You can see approximate programs and costs of fjord cruises.

Sognefjord, Norway

Fishing in Norway

Fishing in Norway is not just a hobby, but something akin to a national sport and a local attraction in one bottle. In any tourist guide you will find “Fishing in Norway” among the first suggestions on the list.

The most popular among tourists are sea fishing and fishing in the fjords. Thanks to the warm Gulf Stream, the local waters are simply teeming with marine reptiles of various sizes, so even the most novice fishermen will be lucky. Typically, fishing is offered as a separate excursion on land-based tours and as entertainment on board cruise ships.

Sea fishing in Norway

What to bring from Norway?

• A figurine of a troll, a favorite folklore character of the Norwegians, or a small copy of a Viking boat
• Norwegian aquatite is an alcoholic drink made from potatoes and caraway seeds, which (attention!!!) is specially sent on ships to Australia and back so that a bottle of aquatite crosses the equator twice - only this way, according to the Norwegians, allows the drink to achieve the desired strength and consistency ( Equator crossing dates and ship name are indicated on each bottle)
• Branded knitted items with ornaments
• Brown Norwegian cheese "Brunost"
• Smoked salmon and other seafood
• Rosemaling - a cute trinket with a traditional Norwegian floral design

Troll figurine - the best souvenir from Norway

Finland

Finland stands somewhat apart from all the Scandinavian countries. The Scandinavians themselves tease the Finns for their slowness. It is a traditionally rural, sleepy country that cannot boast big cities and a great excursion. But Finland has a unique charm of secluded, slow life that attracts tourists so much.

Jyvaskyla, Finland

Recreation in summer and winter, fishing, attractions

• Sveaborg– a sea fort of the 18th century, on the territory of which there are currently historical, military and architectural museums.
• Karelian house in Imatra– an open-air folklore museum about the life of the Sami in the 19th century.
• Tsar's dacha in Kotka– house-museum of the family of Alexander III, summer residence of the king and his entourage. The original interior and personal belongings of the king have been preserved.
• Sculpture Park in Imatra- a section of forest in which about 500 sculptures by Finnish artist Veje Renkkenen are exhibited. The sculptures are so bizarre and frightening that the park as a whole gives the impression of a rather mystical place.

Sculpture Park in Imatra, Finland

• Aleksanterinkatu– the central shopping street of Helsniki, the most fashionable place in the capital of Finland.
• Moomin Valley- theme park, one of the best children's parks in the world. The park is populated by life-size puppets of book characters, and its landscape recreates the scenes described in Tove Jansson’s fairy tales.
• Fishing- a favorite entertainment for tourists on numerous lakes in Finland. A stunning catch is guaranteed. Particularly fanatical fishermen rent comfortable wooden cottages on the shores for two or three days to fully enjoy the experience. You can find suitable houses and cottages on the website Booking.ru

Moominvalley, Finland

What can you bring from Finland?

• Finka (puukko in Finnish) is a traditional hunting knife.
• A figurine or souvenir depicting a mummy troll
• Kuksa – Finnish wooden mug
• Liquorice - Finnish candy with a very strange taste
• Lapponia or Minttu – signature berry and mint liqueur
• Branded sauna accessories

Kuksa - a branded mug from Finland

Denmark

Denmark is a small fairy-tale country, the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen. Of all the Scandinavian countries, Denmark is the most interesting in terms of attractions and historical monuments.

Denmark's small size means you don't have to spend a lot of time traveling between cities. Wherever you stay, you'll have easy access to most Danish attractions. You can choose a suitable hotel for accommodation on the website Booking.com.

The Little Mermaid is a symbol of Copenhagen, Denmark

Recreation, attractions of the Kingdom of Denmark

Amalienborg- the residence of the Danish kings, who live there to this day. Despite the presence of royalty, the palace is accessible to tourists, albeit at different times and with some restrictions. Every day at noon, a solemn changing of the guard ceremony takes place in front of the palace.

There are two scenarios for the ceremony: a solemn one, if the royal couple is in the palace (then the state flag is raised above it) and a shortened one, if the queen and her family are away.

Amalienborg Palace, Denmark

Copenhagen City Hall- the tallest building in the city. A colonnade is available for inspection, to the top of which you will have to walk up a steep spiral staircase, as well as some interior rooms, one of which houses Olsen’s astronomical clock, the most accurate clock mechanism in the world.

Copenhagen City Hall, Denmark

Christianshavn- a separate commune of Copenhagen, a “city within a city”, located in a historical fortress of the 17th century. The commune has its own rules and laws, for example, a ban on motor vehicles and the free sale of cannabis. In fact, this is a large hippie community, where it is interesting to look, but you hardly want to stay there: mild anarchy and unsanitary conditions reign throughout Christiania.

Building in Christianshavn, Denmark

Numerous palaces and fortresses of Denmark: Odense (15th-century monastery), Frederiksborg (royal palace and knight's museum), Vallo (medieval shelter for homeless women, which is still in operation), Kronborg (scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet), Sønderborg (fortress founded by the great-grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, Valdemar the Great) , Hammershus (most old fortress Denmark) and others.

Kronborg Fortress, Denmark

Andersen's world- a museum dedicated to the work of the Great Danish Storyteller, as well as the Andersen Museum in Odense - an exhibition about the life and creative path of the writer. The museum has an interesting interactive exhibition that allows visitors to feel like the hero of one of Andersen’s fairy tales or plunge into the historical era of the times when fairy tales were written.

Monument to Andersen in Odense, Denmark

Ripley's Believe It or Not Museum is a rich private collection of awkward things, puzzles, funny incidents, stupid stories and interesting facts from all over the world. This is the strangest museum collection, where they will tell you how to kill a vampire, show you a cow with two heads, amuse you with obscene jokes, tell you about different types of farts and surprise you in many other very sophisticated ways.

Ripley Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark

Museums and parks in Denmark: National Art Gallery of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen Museum (sculptures), Glypotek Carlsberg (art objects from different eras), Royal Library of Denmark, National Museum of Denmark and others.
Amusement parks: Legoland in Billund (the largest theme park in the world, in which everything except the rides is built from LEGO parts), and Tivoli Park (one of the oldest amusement parks in Europe, where you can ride rides from the late 19th to early 20th century).

Denmark in miniature, Legoland Museum, Copenhagen

What to bring from Denmark?

• Gammel Dansk is a traditional local alcoholic drink that the Danes drink with or without reason: as an aperitif, for colds, for breakfast instead of coffee, in the heat for cooling, and so on.
• Danish marzipans are signature sweets that are produced here in huge quantities and in different varieties.
• Danish cheeses, especially Danablu - a crumbly blue cheese
• The best New Year's decorations in the world
• Branded LEGO sets and construction sets
• Handmade jewelry of very high quality and original Scandinavian design

Jewelry from Denmark

In many ways, Iceland deserves the epithet “the best” - the highest prices in all of Europe, the most stunning landscapes, the most closed lifestyle, the strangest and most mysterious traditions, the most blond blondes, the northernmost country in Europe.

Holidays and attractions in Iceland

• Reykjavik Town Hall- a strange futuristic building of the city administration, the premises of which often host exhibitions, cultural events and concerts. Here you can also see a unique 3D map of Iceland
• Thingvellir– national park, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Hallgrimskirkja Church, Iceland

• Hallgrimskirkja- Lutheran Church, modern architecture which is designed to amaze guests of Reykjavik with a futuristic style, but in reality seems to cause an aesthetic shock
• Imagine Peace- a unique monument designed by Yoko Ono, which she simultaneously dedicated to her husband, the song “Imagine” and all the people of the planet. The structure is a concrete well, on the walls of which the inscription “Imagine peace” is engraved in different languages ​​of the world, and from the depths of the well, powerful spotlights direct vertical rays of light, which create an optical column stretching into the heavens

View of Reykjavik, the Imagine Peace Tower and the skylight, Iceland

• Esya- an ancient extinct volcano on the outskirts of Reykjavik, which is considered the patron saint of the city (unlike other Europeans, whose patrons are entirely Saints, Icelanders remained faithful to their pagan roots)
• Perlan– a cultural center and part-time boiler room (whatever Icelanders can come up with) – the most fashionable venue for cultural events in Reykjavik. There is also a restaurant, shops, a museum and a winter garden here.

Video. Iceland

Video. Denmark, Copenhagen

Video. Norway

Video. Finland, Lapland

Video. Sweden: 10 interesting facts