Voskresensky V.Yu. International tourism. Tourist regions and zones Tourist zone

List of the main tourist and resort areas of federal significance in Russia

Federal Tourism Development Zones	Specialization by type of tourism	Cities and regions recommended for tourism development
1. North (Barents Sea, Arkhangelsk, Solovki, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions, Republic of Karelia)	Educational and ecological cruises, hunting, fishing, mountain skiing, hiking, pilgrimage	Vologda, Volga-Balgian Canal, Petrozavodsk, Kizhi, Valaam, Khibiny
2. Northwest (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions)	Cognitive, business and congress tourism, recreation, cruises, autotourism	St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Pushkin, Petrodvorets, Pskov, Valdai
3. Baltic coast (Kaliningrad region)	Business tourism, cruises, holidays with treatment	Kaliningrad, Svetlogorsk
4. Moscow and Moscow region	Cognitive, business, congress tourism, autotourism	Moscow, Sergiev Posad, Vereya, Kolomna, Istra, Ruza, etc.
5. Golden ring ancient Russian cities (Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Tver regions)	Cognitive, business tourism, rest with treatment, rest without active means of transportation, autotourism	Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov the Great, Suzdal, Vladimir, Tver, Torzhok, etc.
6. Volga region (Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Volgograd Ulyanovsk regions, Tatarstan)	Cognitive, business, rest with treatment, rest without active means of transportation, cruises, fishing	Nizhny Novgorod, Bolshoe Boldino, Volgograd, Kazan, Astrakhan
7. North Caucasus
7.1. Caspian coast (Republic of Dagestan)	Recreation without active means of transportation, educational tourism	Derbent
7.2. Black Sea and Azov coast	Rest without active means of transportation, treatment, educational tourism	Anapa, Yeysk, Sochi, Gelendzhik, Azov
7.3. Caucasian Minvody	Rest with treatment, rest without active means of transportation	Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Minvody
7.4. Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria	Skiing	Dombai
8. Siberia
8.1. Mountain Altai	Rest without active means of transportation, rest with treatment, skiing, ecotourism, hiking	Teletskoye Lake, Belokurikha
8.2. Mountain Shoria	Rest with treatment, mountain skiing ecotourism	Mezhdurechensk, Tash-tagol
8.3. Baikal	Multifunctional zone	Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta
8.4. Yakutia	Cognitive and business tourism, ecotourism	Yakutsk, r. Lena
9. Far East
9.1. Primorye (Primorsky Territory)	Multifunctional zone	Vladivostok, Nakhodka
9.2. Sakhalin, Kuriles	Rest with treatment, educational and business tourism, hunting, fishing, ecotourism	Aniva Bay, Kuriles
9.3. Kamchatka, Commanders	Ecotourism, hunting, hiking	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Valley of Geysers, Commander Islands

Tourist zoning of recreational resources in Russia was carried out by A.A. Romanov and R.G. Saakyants. It is based mainly on physical and geographical features (topography, climate, flora, fauna, presence of geothermal resources), as well as the presence of cultural and historical potential and the development of tourism infrastructure. As a result, 180 four large regions were identified: the Center of Russia, the North of Russia, the South of Russia, Siberia and the Far East.

The Center of Russia includes the central, western, northwestern regions, the Upper Volga region, the Middle and Southern Urals. The region is characterized by rich recreational potential, stability of the political situation, diversity of cultural heritage, which contributes to the development of tourism. In the North of Russia, only areas of the European part can be considered promising for the development of tourism: the Karelian-Kola and Russian North. There are both natural recreational resources and various cultural and historical attractions. The South of Russia includes the politically stable, but poorly developed in terms of recreation, Central Black Earth regions, as well as the Caucasus, which is simultaneously characterized by an explosive political situation and a well-developed tourist infrastructure.

Despite political stability, the region of Siberia and the Far East is characterized by a number of factors that adversely affect the development of tourism: significant remoteness from the Center, harsh climatic conditions, poor population, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The tourism exhibition held in Moscow in March 2003 showed that more and more regions are showing interest in the development of tourism. All new areas began to advertise themselves as a tourist attraction.

Tourist Opportunities MURMANSK REGION represented by the following types of recreation and entertainment: you can go on a nuclear icebreaker from Murmansk to the North Pole; to catch and release the largest salmon in a rapid clean river; ride on skiing on the snow-covered Khibiny mountains; see the beauty of the underwater world of the White and Barents Seas; to participate in the ski marathon in April.

The Solovetsky Islands, located in the northern part of the Onega Bay of the White Sea, can be of great interest to pilgrims and representatives of educational and ecological tourism. Here is the famous Solovetsky Monastery (XV century) with the Kremlin, temples and sketes. The monastery played an important role in protecting the northern borders of Russia, acted as a spiritual and economic organizer, as well as a collector of works of art. Since 1920 Corrective labor camps were located on the islands, where political prisoners and the clergy were kept, in particular the philosopher, mathematician, chemist and priest P.A.
Florensky.

SOUTHERN URALS for a long time was a "blank spot" on tourist map. This is due to a number of "closed cities" located on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region. Today, however, the situation is changing 181. There are a number of interesting sights here.

Ilmensky State Mineralogical Reserve was organized in 1920. near the city of Miass. There is an abundance of minerals. Numerous rivers originate within the region, belonging to the Kama, Tobol and Ural basins. There are more than three thousand lakes in the Chelyabinsk region. Favorable climate, high concentration radon waters, sapropelic muds are widely used in the resort network of health-improving institutions.

IN CENTER OF RUSSIA attractive for tourists Spasskoe-Lutovinovo in the Oryol region, where I.S. Turgenev, birthplace of S.A. Yesenina - the village of Konstantinovo in the Ryazan region and the museum-estate of Yasnaya Polyana in the Tula region, where the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy, and many others.

IN PRIMORSKY REGION V last years eco-tourism has developed. Cruises on the Amur River are practiced, as well as hiking along ecological trails with unique flora and fauna.

Traditionally popular among tourists is the region of Lake Baikal, which in terms of tourism is often called Baikal-Mongolian Asia. Tourists here have the opportunity to visit the old Evenki camps, get acquainted with the life of the Old Believers and Buddhist monasteries in the national parks of the Baikal region, visit islands with seal rookeries, as well as ancient capital Mongolia Karakoram.

Of the major cities in Russia, the most visited by tourists SAINT PETERSBURG. The city itself and its suburbs are the greatest cultural and historical landmark. He became famous for his heroic defense during the Great Patriotic War. For 900 days the city was under blockade and survived. Great attention to St. Petersburg of the world community was attracted by the celebration in 2003. tercentenary of the founding of the city. Petersburg is often called the Venice of the North for a reason. It has been built since 1703. by the will of Peter I as a port, fortress and capital of the empire. The best architects and fortifiers from Western Europe were invited to carry out the construction.

Here, the attention of tourists is attracted primarily by the Winter Palace (architect B. Rastrelli). The building is decorated with columns, sculptures, vases and other architectural details. Luxurious interior decoration of the palace. The Winter Palace houses the State Hermitage Museum, which is as famous as the Louvre. The Hermitage has more than 2.7 million paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, applied arts, furniture, historical costumes, coins, medals, weapons and other items from all eras of civilization.

Ensembles of squares of St. Petersburg are beautiful: Palace Square, Decembrists Square, Arts Square, Field of Mars, etc.

The main square of St. Petersburg - Palace. The construction of the Winter Palace laid the foundation for the formation of Palace Square. In the center of Palace Square rises the Alexandrian Column (height together with the base 47.5 m), held by the weight of its own weight. The Alexandrian column symbolizes the victory of the Russian people in the war of 1812. Nearby is the majestic St. Isaac's Cathedral with a gilded dome. This is the largest Orthodox cathedral in the world. Its height is 102 m, its area is 1 hectare.

The symbol of St. Petersburg "The Bronze Horseman" - an equestrian statue of Peter I by the sculptor Falcone - is located on Decembrists Square (formerly Senate Square).

Other sights of the city include the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress, the State Russian Museum with a large collection of paintings and sculptures by Russian and Soviet artists and sculptors, an ensemble of buildings Vasilyevsky Island, Summer garden with a magnificent iron fence. Gorgeous is also Nevsky Prospekt - the main street cities.

Tourists are also attracted by the SURROUNDINGS OF ST. PETERSBURG, wonderful country palaces and parks - world-famous palace and park ensembles - summer residences of the royal family and the nobility of the capital. During the Great Patriotic War, they were looted and destroyed, but after the war they were restored and again amaze with their splendor. These are the imperial residence of Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk, Peterhof and Oranienbaum.

The Oranienbaum palace and park ensemble on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, opposite the Kronstadt fortress, became the summer residence of Emperor Peter III, for whom the Peterstadt fortress ensemble with a miniature palace by architect A. Rinaldi was erected. Later, for Empress Catherine II, he built a Chinese palace and a roller coaster with a pavilion. All these monuments are a combination of the elegant rococo style and the emerging classicism style. The halls of the museum display masterpieces of art of the 18th century. - engravings, graphics, painting, sculpture.

Tsarskoye Selo was founded in the middle of the 18th century. The luxurious Bolshoi (Catherine's Palace) was built for the wife of Peter I, the future Empress Catherine I (the author of the project was B. Rastrelli). It stands surrounded by other palaces in a magnificent park and is distinguished by an incredible variety of plastic decor. The sky blue façade features white columns with gilded details. The interior decoration of the palace is exquisite, the main decoration of which was the Amber Room, stolen by the German invaders during the war. The search for her is still ongoing. It has now been restored through the efforts of restorers. The palace is surrounded by regular and landscape parts with marble sculptures by Italian masters of the late 17th-18th centuries. Perpendicular to the facade of the palace on a gentle hill rises the Cameron Gallery (architect C. Cameron, 1787). On the second floor of the gallery there is a collection of bronze sculpture made in 1780-1790. Petersburg masters. The park has a large pond, near which there are beautiful pavilions. Next to the Great (Ekaterininsky) Palace is the building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. Pushkin. A monument to the poet was erected in the lyceum garden.

2 km from Tsarskoye Selo is Pavlovsk, located on the banks of the beautiful winding river Slavyanka. Catherine II presented these lands to her heir, the future Emperor Paul I.

Architect C. Cameron laid the foundation for the Grand Palace and two pavilions.

Pavlovsky park- one of the most beautiful and largest landscape parks in Europe. Its area is 600 hectares. The museum has a magnificent collection of Russian portraits.

Peterhof- one of the most famous monuments of Russian art. The "pearl of art" is called its picturesque gardens and parks, palaces and fountains of fabulous beauty. In September 2005

Peterhof celebrated its 300th anniversary. The ensemble includes 7 parks, more than 20 palaces and pavilions, as well as 140 fountains. The fountain system is supplied with water from a 22-km gravity conduit. There are no pumps or waterworks in this system. The jet of the largest fountain rises to a height of 22 m. The large cascade of fountains is decorated with 225 gilded sculptures.

Oranienbaum is located 40 km from St. Petersburg, not far from Peterhof. Its palace and park ensemble was almost not damaged during the war, since the city was not occupied. The estate belonged to the associate of Peter I A.M. Menshikov.

MOSCOW- the capital of Russia - has a great future for the development of tourism, but it is still held back due to undeveloped infrastructure. One of the most attractive sites for tourists is the Kremlin, where the residence of the President of the Russian Federation is now located. The Kremlin is called the heart of Moscow, it is a wonderful architectural and historical monument, which was created over many centuries. Moscow was first mentioned in chronicles in 1147, however, as excavations have shown, the place where the Kremlin is now located was inhabited as early as the second half of the 1st millennium AD. In 1156 under Yuri Dolgoruky, a fortification was built, surrounded by a wooden fence. In 1339 Prince Ivan Kalita built new walls from oak trunks up to 70 cm in diameter. A deep ditch was dug on the eastern side.

In 1367 under Prince Dmitry Donskoy, walls of white stone were erected, so Moscow began to be called white stone. Hence the Russian soldiers in 138 0g. went on a campaign, culminating in a victory over the Tatar-Mongolian army on the Kulikovo field.

The largest construction in the Kremlin was carried out under Ivan III (1462-1505). Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state. By the end of the XV century. brick Kremlin walls were built and 18 towers were built. Their length was 2235 m.

The height of the Kremlin walls is from 5 to 19 m, the thickness is from 3.5 to 6.5 m.

They have 1044 teeth with narrow loopholes. Ruby stars were installed on five towers for the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. Each star weighs about a ton and has a beam span of 3.75 meters.

The most beautiful tower of the Kremlin is Spasskaya, on which in the 19th century. a clock with a dial diameter of 6.12 m was installed. They are driven by three weights weighing up to 224 kg. The weight of the pendulum is 32 kg. Nine bells strike a quarter of an hour. The weight of each of them is 320 kg. One bell strikes a full hour. This bell weighs 2160 kg. The height of the Spasskaya Tower with a star is 71 m. It was built in 1491. under the direction of Pietro Antonio Solari from Milano (Italy). The tower got its name in honor of the icon of the Savior, placed above its gates. Of the Kremlin towers - three are angular, round (Beklemishevskaya, Corner Arsenalnaya and Vodovzvodnaya), and four are travel (Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya). From the Trinity Tower, the highest (80 m), the central automatic control of the stars of the Kremlin is carried out.

At the foot of the Borovitsky hill in 1490. Solari built a pyramidal tower, called Borovitskaya. This tower had a drawbridge. The same bridges used to be at the Konstantin-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Troitskaya towers. The water tower was built in 1488. In it in the 30s of the XVII century. a machine was installed that supplied water from a special 185 well through lead pipes to the Kremlin. The machine was created under the guidance of the English master Christopher Galrway.

Cathedrals are located in the center of the Kremlin on the white-stone Cathedral Square. The largest of them - Uspensky, crowned with five golden domes, was built in 1475-1479. Russian masters under the guidance of the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti.

Assumption Cathedral was a place of solemn divine services. It crowned the kingdom, announced important state acts.

The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral is a rare collection of Russian iconography. Another cathedral - the Annunciation, erected by Pskov masters in 1484-1489, was the home church of the royal family. It houses an exposition of about 50 works of Russian painting of the XII-XVI centuries. The third cathedral is the Archangel Cathedral, built at the beginning of the 16th century. The walls and pillars of the cathedral are painted with images of princes whose possessions became part of the Russian centralized state. The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of the great princes and kings.

The Chamber of Facets is located on Cathedral Square. It is named so because its eastern facade is lined with faceted stone. In this chamber, built in 1487-1491, celebrations, meetings of Zemsky Sobors, state meetings and receptions of ambassadors took place. The octagonal bell tower of Ivan the Great rises on Cathedral Square, which served as the main watch and signal tower of the ancient city. Its height is 81 m. At the foot of the bell tower is the world's largest bell, which is called the Tsar Bell. Its weight is 200 tons, its diameter is 6.6 m, and its height is 6 m. It was cast in the Kremlin by Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733-1735.

Not far from the bell stands the Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586. from bronze by Andrey Chokhov. Its weight is 40 tons, caliber 89 cm, length 5.35 m.

Not far from the Tsar Cannon are the Church of the Twelve Apostles, the Patriarchal Chambers and the Arsenal building, built in 1702-1736.

Cannons recaptured from the French in the war of 1812 and guns used in the capture of Kazan are exhibited here.

On the territory of the Kremlin at the end of the XVIII century. architect M.F. Kazakov built a three-story building, which under Catherine II housed the Moscow branch of the Senate, and under Soviet power - the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Of the other buildings in the Kremlin, the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory should be noted, which contain unique precious jewelry and works of decorative art, as well as samples of Russian and foreign firearms, armor, sabers and other weapons. Among the museum's exhibits are the legendary Monomakh's hat, Tsar Mikhail Romanov's Big Outfit, Peter the Great's diamond hat, a collection of items by foreign craftsmen, and an exposition of diamonds.

186 Red Square adjoins the Kremlin. On it are the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin and the uniquely beautiful Intercession Cathedral, also called St. Basil's Cathedral. This cathedral was built in the middle of the 16th century. Russian architects Postnik and Barma in memory of the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. At the Pokrovsky Cathedral stands a monument to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - national heroes who led in 1611-1612. the people's militia that liberated Moscow and the country from the Polish invaders.

On the opposite side of the square, there is a building made of red brick with turrets and patterns, built according to the project of V.O. Sherwood and A.A. Semenov in the 70-80s of the XIX century. This building houses the State Historical Museum. The museum's collection includes tools, weapons, jewelry, clothes, frescoes, documents, books, paintings, household items. An iron cage is kept here, in which Emelyan Pugachev was taken to the execution. There are about four million items in the museum's funds. Opposite the Kremlin wall stretches the former Upper Trading Rows, built at the end of the 19th century. according to the project of A.N. Pomerantsev. It now houses the State Department Store.

The attraction of the building is the glass domes, made according to the project of V.G. Shukhov.

Red Square has witnessed many historical events.

Here, Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev were executed at the Execution Ground. Revolutionary battles took place on this square in 1917. From here they went to the front in 1941. Soviet regiments. Here in 1945. The Victory Parade was held, in which representatives of all fronts participated. Red Square greeted with rejoicing in 1961. first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, and then other cosmonauts.

Around the Kremlin and Red Square is the Central semicircle, which is a chain of streets and squares.

The ends of this chain rest against the Moscow River. Many historical monuments and state institutions are concentrated here. In the Middle Ages, Kitai-Gorod adjoined the Kremlin from the east. The wall around this city was built in 1535-1538. under the leadership of Petrok Maly. The length of the wall was 2.5 km. She had 12 towers. The remains of this wall can be seen in the Chinese passage on Theater Square.

Within the Central semicircle are the hotel "Russia" with the largest State Concert Hall, the Polytechnic Museum, the Bolshoi and Maly Academic Theatres, the Russian Academic Youth Theater (Central Children's Theater), the old building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, the Hall of Columns, the Russian State Library and the newly built 187 magnificent Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Built at the end of the 19th century. in honor of Russia's victory over Napoleon, the church was then demolished in the 1930s under Soviet rule. In addition, there are a large number of historical monuments in the central semicircle.

In the city center, outside the central semicircle, there is the Boulevard Ring, which includes 10 boulevards.

Earlier (at the end of the 14th century), along the line of this ring, a high earthen rampart with a moat was erected, which was replaced by a stone wall, which had 9 towers with gates and 30 deaf towers. In the XVIII century. these structures were dismantled, and boulevards were subsequently laid out in their place. In the center of the boulevard ring is Arbat Square, where the tower with the same name stood with a gate. In 1439 through the Arbat gates, the Tatar army of Khan Mehmet tried to break through into the city. The defense was led by the blind boyar Khovrin. The soldiers under his leadership recaptured the women and children taken prisoner and put the enemy to flight. On the old Arbat theater is located. E.B. Vakhtangov and the house-museum of A.S. Pushkin.

Not far from Arbatskaya Square, on Volkhonka, is State Museum fine arts them. AS. Pushkin.

The historical center of the city is surrounded by the Garden Ring. Among the important objects located in the city center and representing a great historical and cultural value, one should include the State Tretyakov Gallery, which contains more than five thousand paintings by artists, over three thousand works of ancient Russian art, 900 sculptures, more than 30 thousand drawings and engravings. Near the Nikitsky Gate Square is the world-famous Conservatory. P.I. Tchaikovsky. Having been in Moscow, it is impossible not to visit the Sparrow Hills, where in the 50s of the last century a new building of Moscow State University was erected. M.V. Lomonosov.

The height of the main building with a spire is 385 m. This is the second highest point on the Russian Plain after the Ostankino tower. A new university library has been built on Lomonosovsky Prospekt. So observation deck near the university offers a magnificent view of the city. On the other side of the Moskva River, the Palace of Sports and the Grand Sports Arena are visible.

Among the outstanding works of Russian monumental art is the architectural complex Kolomenskoye, located on the high bank of the Moscow River. Here were created in the XVI-XVII centuries. architectural monuments, which include the Church of the Ascension, John the Baptist, etc. Russian soldiers returned through Kolomenskoye after the victory on the Kulikovo field and Ivan IV the Terrible led troops to Kazan through Kolomenskoye. A historical museum has been created in Kolomenskoye.

Truly "music in stone" are two historical and architectural monuments of Moscow - Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries. There are more than 70 museums, more than 60 professional theaters, more than 80 universities and many other industrial enterprises in Moscow.

rich in attractions and MOSCOW REGION. These are mainly former noble estates and memorial places associated with the life of famous figures of literature and art. Not far from the Sofrino station is the Muranovo estate, where the museum named after. F.I. Tyutchev. The Abramtsevo estate entered the history of Russian fiction as the cradle of Russian art of the 19th century.

Rich in monuments ancient architecture near Moscow Kolomna.

Among other sights of the Moscow region, the Arkhangelskoye estate, where A.S. Pushkin. The surroundings of Volokolamsk are picturesque. In this ancient city, built by the Novgorodians, there is the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery with architectural monuments of the 15th century. Attracts the attention of tourists and the city of Klin near Moscow, where the museum-estate of P.I. Tchaikovsky.

Zvenigorod is truly the pearl of the Moscow region. The first mention of Zvenigorod in written sources dates back to 1339. (Diploma of Moscow Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita). But it is likely that the city arose much earlier, archaeological finds indicate that already in the XII-XIII centuries. Zvenigorod lived by trade and crafts. There is a beautiful version about the name: they say that Zvenigorod is a city that, with its ringing, let Moscow know about the approach of the enemy. In the XIV century. Moscow princes were engaged in the unification of lands along the Moskva River, and then Zvenigorod had undeniable strategic importance. Not far from the city there was a "watchman" (guard post of the Moscow governors). At the end of the XIV century. Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery was founded in Zvenigorod. The highest point of the monastery is the Nativity Cathedral, built in 1405. Fragments of fresco painting of the beginning of the 15th century, created by artists of the circle of Andrei Rublev, and frescoes of the 17th century have been preserved in the cathedral.

Among the popular tourist routes is the route along GOLDEN RING- old Russian cities: Sergiev Posad, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Kostroma, Ivanov, Suzdal and Vladimir.

Sergiev Posad was formed as a settlement near the Trinity-Sergeevsky Monastery, founded by Sergius of Radonezh in the 14th century. The painting of the Assumption Cathedral in the monastery was carried out by the great Russian artist Andrei Rublev. The monastery is considered one of the main Orthodox shrines.

From Sergiev Posad, on the road to the northeast, on the shore of Lake Pleshcheev, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky is located. The city was founded in 115 2g. at the behest of Yuri Dolgoruky and preserved to our time historical and architectural monuments from the 12th century. The most famous prince of Pereyaslav was Alexander Nevsky. In Pereyaslavl-Zalessky there is a historical and art museum, the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the Vladimir Cathedral, etc. In this city, Peter I built his first boat. From Pereyaslavl-Zalessky you can get to Rostov, located near Lake Nero.

The city was founded in 86 2, i.е. much earlier than Moscow. Gorgeous Rostov Kremlin XV-XVII centuries. The city has many architectural monuments of different eras.

From Rostov, moving north along the highway, tourists find themselves in the ancient Russian city of Yaroslavl on the Volga River, which was founded at the beginning of the 11th century. Prince Yaroslav the Wise. According to legend, on the site of the future city there was a pagan sanctuary, where the prince killed the sacred bear. And the bear is depicted on the coat of arms of the city. In 1463 the city became part of the Russian state. During the years of unrest, Yaroslavl played the role of the temporary capital of the country. The militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky entered here. There are many historical and architectural monuments in Yaroslavl: Spassky Monastery, Elias Church, Tolgsky Monastery, etc.

It is a large university and industrial center.

Kostroma is also located on the Volga. The city was founded in the 12th century, but the exact date of its foundation is unknown. After the annexation of Kazan to Moscow (155 2), Kostroma loses its military-strategic position on the borders of the Russian state, but an economic upsurge begins in the city. In the XVIII century. Kostroma is turning into a major industrial center. The most famous architectural monument of the city is the Ipatiev Monastery, founded in 1330. In the Ipatiev Monastery in 1613. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was announced to be elected tsar. Since 1958 The monastery is a historical, architectural and art museum-reserve. Its ensemble includes towers built in the 16th-17th centuries, the Trinity Cathedral and the belfry (17th century), the Chambers of Roma - 190 new ones and others. In this monastery N.M. Karamzin discovered an ancient chronicle (beginning of the 15th century), called Ipatievskaya.

Founded by the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh in the XII century. ancient city Vladimir is currently a major industrial and regional center. Numerous monuments testify to the rich historical past of the city: the Golden Gates, the Assumption Cathedral, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral, the Nativity Monastery.

The ancient Russian city of Suzdal, which was the capital of a vast principality under Yuri Dolgoruky, is located 30 km from Vladimir. It is now a quiet provincial tourist town.

Numerous tourists usually visit the central square, where there are excellent examples of church architecture:

Nativity Cathedral, Assumption Church, Alexander, Spaso-Evfimevsky and Pokrovsky monasteries. The original Suzdal invention is the mead drink, which is offered to tourists. A remarkable architectural monument of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus is the white-stone one-domed Church of the Intercession on the Nerl located near the village of Bogolyubova.

For tourists, not only the most famous and frequently visited places may be of interest, but also provincial Russia is middle lane, Non-Black Earth Region, slowly flowing rivers with wide floodplains, water meadows, magnificent broad-leaved forests. Also picturesque are the KALUGA REGION and its cities - Kaluga, Kozelsk, Borovsk. These are historical places of former battles, when Russia defended itself from nomadic raids, fought the hordes of the Tatar-Mongolian horde, the Polish-Lithuanian intervention, Napoleon's army, and fascist invaders. Religious monuments have been preserved in the region: there are seven monasteries and over 130 temples. There are many estates and museums in Kaluga places (the chambers of the merchants Korobovs, the estates of the Goncharovs and the merchant Zolotarev, etc.). Kaluga is famous as the cradle of Russian cosmonautics - K.E. lived here. Tsiolkovsky. Optina Pustyn is located in the Kaluga region - a monastery widely known in Russia, which was visited and lived there by N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy. Now it has been restored and again became a place visited by numerous pilgrims and tourists.

SMOLENSK REGION is located almost in the center of the East European Plain. There are many in the Smolensk region interesting places. The first mention of Smolensk refers to 863. Located on an important trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", which connected Scandinavia with the Black Sea basin, Smolensk quickly grew and enriched, becoming the largest center for the development of Slavic culture. And to this day, three stone churches of the 12th century rise above the city: Peter and Paul, Michael the Archangel, John the Theologian. Each era left its indelible mark on the Smolensk land. Almost 191 every century the fire of devastating battles blazed here.

The Smolensk fortress wall is a witness to this.

Dorogobuzh- a city with an honorable age, it has been standing on the right bank of the Dnieper for more than eight centuries. It was first mentioned in the charter of the Smolensk prince Rostislav Mstislavovich in 1150. A few kilometers from Dorogobuzh is the Holy Trinity Gerasimo-Boldinsky Monastery, founded in the 16th century. The famous village of Aleksino is located 18 kilometers from Dorogobuzh, the architectural structures of which were designed by the famous Russian architect M.F. Kazakov. Smolensk land gave the world the first cosmonaut of the planet Yuri Gagarin. Today the city of Gagarin is a city-museum. Outstanding artists worked on the Smolensk land: N. Roerich, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin, A. Benois, V. Vasnetsov, I. Repin.

To the south of Yelnya is the village of Novospasskoye - the birthplace of the founder of Russian classical music M.I. Glinka.

A real discovery for nature lovers will be a visit to the Smolenskoye Poozerye National Park with 35 beautiful lakes of glacial origin.

Attractive for tourists TVER REGION, one of the largest regions of the European part of Russia, located between the two capitals, at the crossroads of ancient waterways that connected many countries and cities in Europe and Asia. Here are cozy ancient towns, each with its own face, Orthodox shrines, noble estates where prominent people of Russia lived and communicated. There are many beautiful landscapes here.

The regional center is the ancient city of Tver, located at the confluence of the Tvertsa and Tmaka rivers into the Volga. The city was first mentioned in chronicles in 1208-1209, but it was founded much earlier. Tver had excellent architects and talented icon painters, masters of the finest metal processing. Icons of the Tver school can be seen in the Tretyakov Gallery and museums of the Moscow Kremlin. Among the sights of Tver are the Tver Imperial (Travel) Palace, built according to the project of M.F. Kazakov, the building of the Nobility Assembly (now the House of Officers), the Museum of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, monuments to Afanasy Nikitin, the author of the book "Journey Beyond Three Seas", A.S. Pushkin and I.A. Krylov. During the Great Patriotic War, the Kalinin Front was formed (Tver was then called Kalinin), which played an important role in the defeat of the Nazi troops near Moscow. In memory of those who died during the Great Patriotic War, an obelisk was erected in the city. The city has many enterprises, several universities, theaters and a winter circus. Tver attracts many tourists from Moscow and other regions. Trips to Tver by motor ships are popular.

Other cities of the Tver region are also interesting for tourists. In its northwest there is the Bologovsky district with the regional center Bologoye. There are more than 300 archeological monuments - 192 monuments in the region. Among the sights of Bologoye can be attributed the estate of Prince P.A. Putyatin, a well-known collector-ascetic, archaeologist, anthropologist, full member of many scientific and artistic societies. A well-known scientist, artist, writer and poet lived and worked in the estate. The founder of the Red Banner Ensemble of the Soviet Army A.V. lived in Bologoye. Alexandrov. The artist A.V. lived and worked at the Berezayka station in the Bologovsky district. Makovsky.

Vyshny Volochek is located in the area of ​​the ancient portage. Under Peter I, a water system was created here, which ensured the delivery of goods to St. Petersburg. 25 km from the city near Lake Mstino is the "Academic Dacha" - the House of Artists' Creativity, where a monument to the artist Venetsianov is erected. AI artists worked here. Kuindzhi, N.K. Roerich and I.E. Repin. Kuvshinovo is located in the northwestern part of the region. Kuvshinovskiy district is a zone favorable for the development of tourism, both traditional and ecological, local history, religious, as well as water (kayaking). In the area there is a historical and natural reserve Pryamukhino, where the Bakunin's estate used to be. A magnificent park with rare plants and trees has been preserved.

One of the most attractive cities for tourists in the Tver region is Torzhok, which since 1968. became part of the Pushkinsky reserve of the region, and since 1971. - to the Pushkin ring of the Upper Volga region, which has become one of the most popular excursion and tourist routes. Near the city is the current male Borisoglebsky Monastery with the Vvedensky Church (1620) and the Borisoglebsky Cathedral (1796).

In the Tver region, the most frequently visited tourists are Lake Seliger and the city of Ostashkov, which is the birthplace of the famous mathematician L.F. Magnitsky, as well as many other famous people of our country. The city is increasingly becoming a resort center. On the island of Stolobny there is the monastery of the Nilo-Stolobny Hermitage, where the Monk Nil Stolobny, a healer and miracle worker, spent 27 years. The Volga River originates on the territory of the Ostashkovsky District. This place is a state reserve "Source of the Volga River". A chapel was built over the source. On the shore of Lake Seliger there is a recreation center "Seliger", which welcomes guests all year round. There are two more bases.

In the south-east of the Tver region, the Konakovo district is located, through which Railway and the highway Moscow - St. Petersburg. The picturesque places of the region, the beauty of the Ivankovo ​​reservoir, the Volga River, many small rivers, forests and natural resources, the presence of monuments of ancient Russian culture - all this attracts many tourists here. On the territory of the district there are about 40 health resorts, boarding houses, camp sites, rest houses, 193 children's health camps. Few people know that the "lost world" begins on the border of the Konakovsky and Rameshkovsky regions. Its official name is Orshinsky Mokh. Impenetrable swamps make traveling through these places extremely dangerous. There are more than 150 untouched by civilization lakes that attract fishermen, water tourists, cranberry gatherers and extreme travelers.

To the north of the Tver region is located VOLOGDA REGION. Its territory is a vast, slightly hilly plain, dissected by wide depressions, occupied by numerous basins of karst and glacial lakes and marshes, and shallow river valleys. The city of Vologda, spread out on the banks of the Sukhona River, delights with the wooden architecture of the houses in the lace carvings of the window frames. Tourists visiting the Kremlin of the XVI-XVII centuries, the Assumption Cathedral of the XVI century, numerous ensembles of monasteries. Tourists are attracted to the Vologda Oblast by ancient small towns. Extraordinarily beautiful is Veliky Ustyug, spread out on the left bank of the Sukhona River. From the river you can see a beautiful panorama of the temple ensembles of the 17th-18th centuries. Architectural masterpieces are the churches of Demetrius of Thessalonica and Sergius of Radonezh. The central city ensemble is the Cathedral Yard with the main temple of the city - the Assumption Cathedral with numerous spiers and domes.

Downstream of the Sukhona rises the ensemble of the Trinity-Glyadensky Monastery. The Administration of the Vologda Oblast considers tourism as one of the priority areas of economic activity. Thus, tourism-related projects such as Veliky Ustyug - Father Frost's birthplace, Cherepovets - the port of five seas have become widely known.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION, located in the middle part of the Volga river basin, is often called the heart of Russia. The regional center is Nizhny Novgorod. The main attraction of old Nizhny Novgorod is the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin - unique ensemble, combining the severity of medieval fortress walls and towers and the severity of classical buildings of the 19th century. The city has a number of churches and monasteries. The solemn building of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair today reminds of the glorious history of the merchant city. Nizhny Novgorod is the birthplace of the writer Maxim Gorky. With the first inventions in the field of radio engineering and electronics, as well as the unique works of the self-taught writer I.P. Kulibin can be found in the Museum of the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory. A huge collection of cars produced by the plant since the beginning of its foundation is demonstrated by the museum of the Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ).

194 Arzamas is one of the oldest cities in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It arose among the Mordovian lands as a military fortress to protect the borders of the Muscovite state. According to legend, it was founded by Tsar Ivan the Terrible during a campaign against Kazan in 1552.

The name Arzamas came about as a result of the combination of the Mordovian words "Erzya" - the name of the Mordovian tribe and "ointments" - red, beautiful. Thus, Arzamas can be translated as "Beautiful place of Erzya". The majestic five-domed Resurrection Cathedral has become the main decoration of the city. It was built in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. funds raised by citizens.

70 km from Nizhny Novgorod on the left bank of the Volga is the most ancient city of the Nizhny Novgorod region - Gorodets. It was founded in 1152. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in order to strengthen the eastern borders of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality. Through Gorodets the path of the Russian rati ran against the Volga Bulgars, who more than once devastated the Russian lands. The Gorodets land cherishes and multiplies the traditions of folk arts and crafts. Gorodets painting, gold embroidery, basket weaving, pottery, honey gingerbread baking, and woodcarving continue to develop here. The village of Bolshoe Boldino is famous for its literary traditions. Here, in the family estate, the great poet A.S. Pushkin. For three months of autumn 183 0g. more than 30 works were created. On the high right bank of the Oka is the city of Pavlovo. It is famous for its famous steelworks. “Who does not know Pavlovian products? - wrote the Russian writer P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, - almost every one of us dine with a Pavlovian knife and fork ... ".

The city of Balakhna, founded in 1474, along with Arzamas and Gorodets, has the status of a historical city of Russia. The city is known as the birthplace of the Russian patriot Kozma Minin. The city of Chkalovsk is the birthplace of the famous test pilot V.P. Chkalov, named after him. Promising types of tourism in the Nizhny Novgorod region include: river cruises along the Volga, pilgrimage, health tourism, adventure and ecological tourism (kayak trips, recreation on lakes), hunting and fishing.

PSKOV REGION- one of the oldest native Russian lands.

Pskov stood at the origins of Russian statehood. In the XIV century. after Moscow and Novgorod, Pskov was the third city in Rus'. In the XV century. Pskov was the largest trading partner of the Hansa - the trade union of Lübeck, Hamburg and other North German cities. On the Pskov land, in Mikhailovsky, in the family estate, A.S. spent two years of exile. Pushkin. Here the poet felt a "wonderful moment" when he met A.P. Kern. The Pskov region is considered one of the most environmentally friendly in Russia. The absence of a developed network of industrial enterprises, a variety of natural resources, and a large number of specially protected natural areas contribute to the cleanliness of the environment. There are more than 3,700 lakes on the territory of the region, including the Pskovsko-Chudskoye Lake. The abundance of rivers and lakes, forests with a predominance of pine species, mineral, mud resources provide an opportunity for relaxation, healing and recuperation. Khilovo, one of the oldest water and mud resorts in Russia, is located 80 kilometers from Pskov. The Pskov region is promising for the development of educational, religious, medical and health tourism. The tourist centers of the region, in addition to Pskov, include Izborsk, Pechory, Pushkinskiye Gory.

The Pushkin State Reserve, which unites places most closely associated with the life and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, includes the villages of Mikhailovskoye, Trigorskoye, Petrovsky, the settlement of Voronin, Savkina Gorka, Svyatogorsky Monastery, where A.S. Pushkin. The reserve is located almost in the very center of the Pskov region, 112 km south of the city of Pskov.

Currently, the area of ​​the Pushkin Reserve exceeds 700 hectares. The area is hilly. On the territory of the reserve there are two beautiful lakes - Kuchane (Petrovskoye) and Malenets, the picturesque river Sorot flows among the meadows, more than half of the area is occupied by a pine forest.

Izborsk- one of the oldest Russian cities, mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years" under the year 862. The main attractions of the city are the ancient stone fortress, St. Nicholas Cathedral of the 14th century, the chapel of the icon of Our Lady of Korsun of the 19th century. The heroic image of the ancient fortress of Izborsk inspired N.K. Roerich to create wonderful paintings dedicated to Ancient Rus' (“Watch”, “Cache”).

KURSK REGION. The Kursk Territory is a land of generous nature and an eventful history. Everyone knows the nightingales of Kursk, famous for their unique trills, fragrant and juicy apples, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which gives the country iron ore, and the great Battle of Kursk, which largely determined the outcome of World War II. The beauty of the Kursk region is the beauty of the steppe landscape: the multicolored grasses, the waves of feather grass, birds soaring in the high sky.

The international biosphere reserve "Streletskaya steppe" united plots of land with virgin nature. More than 900 rivers flow through the Kursk land, the main one being the Seim River. In the times of Ancient Rus', the Seim was a waterway through which it was possible to reach both the Dnieper and the Volga. Tourists in the Kursk region may be interested in hiking, bus, kayak, bicycle routes, tourism in historical places.

ASTRAKHAN REGION has a unique set of tourist-recreational and sanatorium-resort resources. Here, the Volga river delta breaks up at the entrance to the Caspian Sea into 800 estuaries, creating excellent conditions for fishing and hunting. The state biosphere reserve is unique in terms of the set of unique species of flora and fauna, where endless fields of the rarest flower in the world - the lotus - the symbol of the region, are spread. The region has a unique mud and balneological sanatorium "Tinaki", located in the area of ​​Lake Tinaki, where healing mud is used to treat many diseases.

in the Volga river basin Republic of Tatarstan whose history goes back many centuries. In the X-XIV centuries. the state of Volga Bulgaria was located on this territory. Later, the Kazan Khanate arose here. Between the Kazan Khanate and the growing Moscow kingdom in the 16th century. there was a fierce struggle for dominance in the Middle Volga region. After the capture in 155 2g. Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible, the Kazan Khanate became part of Russia.

Now Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of the Russian Federation. The Republic has significant oil deposits, land and water resources.

Tatarstan is also interesting from the point of view of tourism. The main attraction of Kazan, the capital of the republic, is the Kremlin, which has a thousand-year history. After the capture of Kazan, Ivan the Terrible invited Pskov craftsmen here, who instead of the destroyed mosques erected white-stone churches. The Kremlin is framed by white stone walls with a length of about 1800 m, and along its perimeter eight towers rise above the walls.

There are other historical places in Tatarstan. Bilyar is one of the largest medieval cities, which in the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries. was the capital of the Bulgar state. Ancient Bilyar has preserved the flavor of the eastern city, so it still attracts many tourists. The history of the city of Sviyazhsk is interesting. Retreating after another unsuccessful campaign against Kazan, the Russian army, led by Ivan the Terrible, stopped on the right steep bank of the Sviyaga River. Here the tsar liked the island overgrown with forest, towering above the Volga.

The tsar decided to build a fortress town here, which would help him conquer the capital of the Kazan Khanate. So the city of Sviyazhsk arose. In addition to fortifications, the city has many other attractions: temples, churches, shopping arcades, old merchant houses.

The eastern regions of Russia are also interesting for tourism. The problem of tourism development in these areas with beautiful virgin nature is associated with the underdevelopment of infrastructure, including tourism. At the same time, certain regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are trying to attract the attention of tourists with specific events and promotions.

One of those places is ALTAI- a vast mountainous area located in the center of Asia at the junction of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, which can be considered as one of the unusual creations of nature. Quite a distant location of Altai from the largest industrial centers and transport interchanges, the traditional way of life of its inhabitants, engaged in cattle breeding in the center of Asia in an ecologically clean area, has preserved it in its original and inviolable form. Many types of tourism are developing in Altai. Alpine skiing is organized in Belokurikha. Helicopter programs allow you to quickly overcome long distances and see unique natural and historical monuments. famous antiquities Altai" and "Pearls of Altai". Tourists are offered combined routes, which consist of rafting, scientific and educational excursions, horseback riding. The beauty and swiftness of the mountain rivers of Altai annually attract lovers of water travel. For lovers of hunting, special ones are organized. In areas with beautiful wild nature, in places of abandoned settlements in Altai, tourist complexes are being designed. Thus, it is planned to create a tourist complex "Turquoise Katun" on the banks of the Katun River. The central part of the complex is located on the site of the former village of Tavda, the last inhabitant of which left it in 1953. As conceived by the designers, the tourist complex will include a ski resort with lifts, ski and toboggan runs, an equestrian center with stables, and a hunting base.

Interesting programs are offered in a vast but underdeveloped area YAKUTIA. One of these programs is related to extreme tourism and a visit to the "pole of cold". The point of absolute coldness of places of permanent residence of mankind is in Yakutia. The average monthly temperature in January in Oymyakon is minus 50°C, and the lowest temperature - 71.2°C was recorded by Academician S. Obruchev in 1926. Tourist programs in Yakutia are connected with ornithological tours to the delta of the Lena River, which occupies an area of ​​30 thousand square meters. km. It is the largest in Russia and the second in the world after the Mississippi Delta. Here is the territory of the Ust-Lensky Reserve - the largest in Russia in terms of area, designed to preserve for future generations the unique natural features of the Far North. People fly to the Lena Delta from the South and South-East Asia, Australia, America, Africa and Europe white swans, geese, ducks, motley geese, loons, pink gulls, etc.

Interesting tours PRIMORYE. One of the main attractions of the Russian Far East is the Amur River. The river valley on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory is characterized by a wide variety of natural conditions, the presence of archaeological and historical sites. Cruises on the Amur are practiced. The cruise programs provide for acquaintance with the river, the swarm cultures and the life of the peoples of the Amur region: the Nanais, the Ulchi. During the excursions, you can get an idea of ​​the national crafts of these peoples, taste various dishes prepared from fresh fish and taiga gifts.

For the development of tourism in Primorye, certain priorities may be dominant. So, one of them is inbound tourism from China. The prospects for this tourist destination are associated with a number of factors: the presence of a common land border of great length; the rapid economic development of China and the improvement of the material well-being of the Chinese population; the growth of the cultural level of the Chinese and the formation of tourist demand; China's historical interest in Russian territory. Unlike the Japanese Chinese tourist, the poor tourist infrastructure of Primorye is still satisfied. It is possible to develop it largely due to the activity of Chinese and Russian tourists. And only after that, you can probably claim to increase the flow of tourists from Japan.

The Kamchatka Peninsula is promising for tourism. It is characterized by diverse and unique natural complexes: the famous Valley of Geysers, volcanoes, etc.

Interesting in terms of tourism and SOUTH OF RUSSIA. The following tourist resources can be especially noted here: the coast of the Azov and Black Seas, the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Taman, Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtansk are the youngest and most dynamically developing resorts of the Kuban Riviera. Famous resorts are located on the Black Sea coast - Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. In 2002, Gosstroy of Russia awarded Gelendzhik the status of the most comfortable resort in the country. The first five-star hotel on the Black Sea coast was built here. The quality of Gelendzhik muscats is known throughout the country.

Region of Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMW) occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian ridge. The KMV area is vast, but the resorts of Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk included in it are located quite compactly. Only 60 km separate the Mineralnye Vody railway station from the southernmost resort - Kislovodsk. The resort towns are interconnected by an electrified railway and a motorway. Pyatigorsk is a balneological and mud resort. There are over 40 mineral springs, as well as the healing mud of Lake Tambukan.

Resort Essentuki is considered the largest and most popular drinking and balneological resort in our country. This is a federal resort. Within the resort there are more than 20 mineral springs. Kislovodsk is a balneological and climatic resort, the southernmost in the group of resort towns of the CMS.

Kislovodsk is considered the most comfortable of the CMS resorts.

Zheleznovodsk- balneological and mud resort, the most picturesque of the four resorts of the CMS. The main healing properties of the resort are mineral springs, there are more than 20 of them.

Sochi city located in Krasnodar Territory, stretched for 150 km along the Black Sea coast. The city is the largest balneo-mud (Matsesta) and climatic resort.

There are dozens of sanatoriums, the Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy, an arboretum and a reserved yew-boxwood grove.

In the South of Russia there are places suitable not only for recreational and health-improving tourism, but also for cultural and historical tourism. One of such places is the Republic of Dagestan. Here is the city of Derbent, which has a five-thousand-year history. The very name of the city of Derbent (Darband) is translated from Persian, namely, the Persians erected a fortress here, meaning “gateway knot”. Derbent is known not only for its historical past. It is the economic and cultural center of South Dagestan. Ancient industries have been preserved and updated here: carpet weaving, production of grape wines and cognacs, the antiquity of the city, the uniqueness of natural conditions make Derbent attractive for tourists. One of the attractions of the city is a unique village - the fortress of Kalakoreish, located on top of a steep mountain.

Only a small bridge 40 m long and 5 m wide connected the fortress with the outside world, and thus the fortress was impregnable. Artistic silver products of the masters of the Dagestan village of Kuban are famous all over the world.

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Tourist zones of Russia

Each country has its own, sometimes unique tourism resources that are of great value to tourists. In their economic essence, they form the basis of tourist rent, making this or that country more or less attractive for tourists. So in Europe, the richest countries in terms of tourist resources are Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Greece, Switzerland, which for many years have been leaders in the number of tourists received annually. However, in these countries, most of the tourist resources are concentrated in individual cities and localities, in which the main flows of visiting tourists are concentrated. Such cities and areas are usually called tourist centers.

In the tourist lexicon, such a concept as a tourist zone is also used. A tourist zone is a certain territory that does not have clear boundaries, but has common specific tourist resources that can arouse sustained interest from a certain category of tourists. So, for example, the French and Italian Riviera, Turkish Antalya can be considered tourist areas on the Mediterranean coast.

Russia possesses an exceptionally large variety of natural and climatic, ethnographic (traditions and customs of peoples) and anthropogenic (cultural and historical heritage) resources that can satisfy the tastes and interests of the most demanding tourists. In accordance with the methodology adopted by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there are 13 tourist zones of federal significance in the Russian Federation. Ismaev D.K. Organization of inbound tourism to the Russian Federation: Tutorial. - M. MATGR, 2005.

Western tourist area

It includes the Kaliningrad region, where tourist resources are represented by historical monuments in Kaliningrad and a number of other cities, as well as tourist recreation opportunities on the coast of the Baltic Sea, especially in the area of ​​the Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.

Northwestern tourist zone.

It includes: St. Petersburg; Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, the monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, the possibilities of cruise trips and ecological tours, treatment at the resort martial waters(Karelia), amateur hunting and fishing. Of particular interest to tourists are the possibilities of organizing in this area winter holiday and entertainment. In this zone, the Kivach, Kostomushkinsky, Nizhne-Svirsky state nature reserves, as well as the Valdai National Natural Park, have been created and operate.

Central tourist zone

It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. This zone is distinguished by the largest number of various tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values ​​of Moscow as the capital of the Russian state, historical monuments of the Golden Ring cities, as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This area is also rich in natural resources that can satisfy the diverse interests of lovers of nature, hunting, fishing. As well as in the North-West zone in the Central tourist zone, there are good opportunities for organizing winter tourism. This zone includes Oksky (biospheric) and Prioksky-Terasny state reserves, national natural parks: "Meshchera" and "Smolenskoye Poozerye". Romanov A.A., Saakyants R.G. Tourism Geography: Textbook. - M.: Soviet sport, 2002.

South Russian tourist zone

It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Orel, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In recent years, insufficient attention has been paid to the development of tourism in this zone. Therefore, its historical monuments did not receive a great public outcry. Nevertheless, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Great Patriotic War. On the territory of the South Russian zone there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as: "Bryansk Forest", "Voroninsky", "Forest on Vorskla", "Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe", "Central Chernozemny", as well as the national natural park "Orlovskoe Polesye".

Volga tourist zone

It includes: the Republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The main attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian river Volga, which is associated with many historical events in our country. There are many cultural and historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region. For Russian and foreign tourists, a visit to the hero city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, travel according to specialized programs. In this zone, there are such state natural parks as "Bolshaya Kokshaga" (Mari El), "Volzhsko-Kamsky" (Tatarstan), "Kerzhensky" (Nizhny Novgorod), "Nurgush" (Kirov region), as well as national natural parks " Mariy Chodra", "Lower Kama", "Khvalynsky" and others.

Ural tourist zone

It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. Passing through this zone, the Ural mountain range, which separates Europe and Asia, is in itself an attractive object of tourist interest. This zone is rich in a variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing ecological and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state nature reserves as "Basegi" (Perm), "Visimsky" and "Denezhkin Kamen" (Sverdlovsk region), "Orenburg", "Shulgin-Tash" (Bashkiria).

Priazovsko-Chernomorskaya tourist zone.

It includes: Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The main tourist resources of this zone are Black Sea coast with the famous resort cities of Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler with the balneological center Matsesta, as well as resort places on the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. The mountainous region of this zone has unique natural resources that can satisfy the most diverse interests of nature lovers. In this zone are the state biosphere reserve "Kavkazsky" and the national natural park "Sochi".

Caucasian tourist zone.

It includes: the Stavropol Territory and the republics of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkarian, Karachay-Cherkess, North Ossetian. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasian mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, folklore of local peoples, have attracted and continue to attract large groups of Russian and foreign tourists. Of particular importance for this zone are the resort centers of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which have valuable balneological resources. Numerous climbing and mountain-tourist routes pass through the territory of the North Caucasus. There are such state nature reserves as "Dagestansky", "Kabardino-Balkarian", "North Ossetian", "Teberdinsky", as well as the national park "Prielbrusye".

Ob-Altai tourist zone.

This zone covers the Republic of Altai and the Altai Territory, as well as the Kemerovo, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as Altaisky and Katunsky (Altai), Verkhne-Tazovsky, Yugansky and Malaya Sosva (Tyumen), Kuznetsky Altau and Shorsky (Kemerovo) . The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone that can satisfy the interests of travelers in various types of tourism.

Yenisei tourist zone.

The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of nature reserves and parks, including the reserves "Azas" (Tuva), "Chazy", "Small Abakan" (Khakassia), "Taimyr", "Pillars", "Sayano-Shushensky", "Central -Siberian" (Krasnoyarsk).

Baikal tourist zone.

It includes the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The main tourist attraction of this zone is the world's deepest Lake Baikal with its exceptionally rich flora and fauna. The main natural and climatic attractions are concentrated in the natural reserves and parks created in this zone: Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Vitimsky, Daursky, Dzherginsky, Sokhondinsky, Zabaikalsky, etc.

Far Eastern tourist zone.

It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur and Sakhalin Regions, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural-climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories of the Russian Federation. The country's largest reserves and national parks have also been created and are actively operating here: Bolshekhekhtsirsky, Botchinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeysky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, "Khankaisky" (Primorye), "Poronaisky", "Kurilsky" (Sakhalin). Along with the above reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for the organization of sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, acquaintance with historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.

Russian North.

This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous districts of Chukotka, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansiysk, Evenki, Yamalo-Nenets, the regions of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan. In this zone, the most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate: Bolshoy Arkticheskoy and Putoransky (Taimyr), Kandalakshsky, Laplansky and Pasvik (Murmansk), Komandorsky and Kronotsky ( Kamchatka), "Magadansky" and "Wrangel Island" (Magadan), "Pinezhsky" (Arkhangelsk), "Pechora-Ilychsky" and "Yugyd Va" (Komi).

A tourist zone is a certain territory that does not have clear boundaries, does not have common specific tourist resources that can arouse sustainable interest from a certain category of tourists.

Russia has an exceptionally huge amount of various natural, climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources that can satisfy the interests and tastes of the most demanding tourists. In accordance with the methodology adopted by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there are 13 federal tourist zones in the Russian Federation.

The main types of tourist areas in the Russian Federation

Western tourist area. It includes the Kaliningrad region, where tourist resources are represented by historical monuments, as well as tourist recreation opportunities on the coast of the Baltic Sea, especially in the area of ​​the Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.

Northwest tourist zone. It includes: St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, the monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, the possibilities of cruise trips and ecological tours, treatment at the resort of martial waters, amateur hunting and fishing. this zone of winter recreation and entertainment. The Kivach, Kostomushkinsky, Nizhne-Svirsky state nature reserves, as well as the Valdai National Natural Park, have been created and operate in this zone.

Central tourist area. It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. This zone is distinguished by the largest number of diverse tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values ​​of Moscow, historical monuments of the cities of the Golden Ring, as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This zone is also rich in natural resources that can satisfy the diverse interests of nature lovers, hunting, fishing. As well as in the North-West zone in the Central tourist zone, there are good opportunities for organizing winter tourism. This zone includes Oksky (biospheric) and Prioksko - Terasny state reserves, national parks: Meshera and Smolenskoye Poozerye.

South - Russian tourist zone. It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Orel, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In recent years, insufficient attention has been paid to the development of tourism in this zone. Therefore, many of its historical monuments did not receive a great public outcry. Nevertheless, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Second World War. On the territory of the South Russian zone there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as: "Bryansk Forest", "Voroninsky", "Forest on Vorskla", "Privolzhskaya Forest-Steppe", "Central Chernozemny", as well as the national natural park "Orlovskoye Polissya".

Volga tourist zone. It includes: the republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The main tourist attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian river Volga, which is associated with many historical events in our country. There are many cultural and historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region. For Russian foreign tourists, a visit to the hero city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of the local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, travel according to specialized programs. In this zone, there are such state nature reserves as "Bolshaya Kokshaga" (Mari El), "Volzhsko-Kamsky" (Tatarstan), "Kerzhensky" ( Nizhny Novgorod), "Nurgush" (Kirov region), as well as the national natural parks "Mary Chodra", "Nizhnyaya Kama", "Khvalynsky" and others.

Ural tourist zone. It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The Ural Range passing through this zone, dividing Europe and Asia, is in itself an attractive object of tourist interest. This zone is rich in a variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing ecological and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state nature reserves as "Basegi" (Perm), "Visimsky" and "Denezhkin stone" (Sverdlovsk region), "Orenburg", "Shulgan-Tash" (Bashkiria).

Priazovskoye - Black Sea tourist zone. It includes: Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The main tourist resources in this area are the Black Sea coast, with the famous resort cities of Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler and the balneological center Matsesta, as well as resort places on the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. The mountainous region of this zone has unique natural resources that can satisfy the most diverse interests of nature lovers. This is the state biosphere reserve "Caucasus" and the national natural park "Sochi". tourist zone industry russia

Caucasian tourist zone. It includes: Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkarian, Karachay-Cherkess, North Ossetian. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasian mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, folklore of local peoples, have attracted and continue to attract large groups of Russian and foreign tourists. Of particular importance for this zone are the resort centers of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which have exceptionally valuable balneological resources. By territory North Caucasus pass numerous climbing and mountain tourist routes. There are such state nature reserves as "Dagestansky", "Kabardino-Balkarian", "North Ossetian", "Teberdinsky", as well as the national natural park "Prielbrusye".

Ob-Altai tourist zone. This zone covers the Republic of Altai and the Altai Territory, as well as Kemerovo. Novosibirsk, Omsk. Kurgan, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as "Altai" and "Kutunsky" (Altai), "Verkhne-Tazovsky", "Yugansky" and "Malaya Sosva" (Tyumen), "Kuznetsky Alatau" and "Shorsky" (Kemerovo) . The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone that can satisfy the interests of travelers in various types of tourism.

Yenisei tourist zone. The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of nature reserves and parks, including reserves: "Azas" (Tuva), "Chazy", "Small Abakan" (Khakassia), "Taimyrsky", "Pillars", "Sayano-Shushensky", " Central Siberian (Krasnoyarsk).

Baikal tourist zone. It includes the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The main tourist attraction of this zone is the world's deepest Lake Baikal with its exceptionally unique flora and fauna. The main natural and climatic attractions are concentrated in the natural reserves and parks created in this zone: Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Vitimsky, Daursky, Dzherginsky, Sokhondinsky, Zabaikalsky, etc.

Far Eastern tourist zone. It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur and Sakhalin Regions, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural-climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories of the Russian Federation. The largest nature reserves and national parks in the country have also been created and are actively operating here: Bolshekhekhtsirsky, Botchinsky, Bureinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeysky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote - Alinsky", "Khankaisky" (Primorye), "Poronaisky", "Kurilsky" (Sakhalin). Along with the above reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for the organization of sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, acquaintance with historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.

Russian North. This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous districts of Chukotsky, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansiysk, Evenk, Yamal-Nenets, the regions of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan. The most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate in this zone: Bolshoy Arktichesky and Putoransky, Magadansky, Kronotsky (Kamchatka), Magadansky and Wrangel Island (Magadan), Pinezhsky (Arkhangelsk), Pechero-Ilychsky and Yugyd Va (Komi).

The most developed part of this zone is the European north: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, which have regular sea communications with the countries of Northern Europe and host foreign cruises. This area attracts tourists with its natural and climatic features: polar night, northern lights, white nights, exceptional conditions for adventure tourism, winter sports, northern fauna, ethnographic features of local peoples.

Recreational areas are primarily intended for recreation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.

Why are recreation areas needed?

Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what's left of wildlife, her last islands in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. It is nature created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustle of leaves and the splash of waves, admire the birds, breathe fresh air. In a word, to touch wildlife, which is so rare in a modern city.

Often such areas are used for sports, usually there are areas specially designed for outdoor activities. This is especially true for water bodies. Equipped beaches are the basis for safe water recreation.

But the recreation area exists not only for people to have a place to relax. It is in this that specialized recreation areas differ from spontaneous ones.

Such areas may include toilets, first aid medical care, local police departments. Often there are kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.

Nature protection functions of recreational zones

However, these are not the only arguments in favor of the creation of such territories. The construction of a recreational zone is necessary not only because people need a comfortable and safe place to rest. Nature also needs a break from people. The fact is that the townspeople will somehow find a place to rest, they will go to the forest or to the undeveloped river bank. And the trouble is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable degree of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles remain on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no janitors there. And in the worst case, everything will end in a fire that broke out from an unextinguished fire or a cigarette thrown into dry grass.

It can be said that the recreational areas of the city protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who want to sit on the grass and grill a barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and may not keep track of the fire. But recreational areas are equipped with security equipment, and firefighters are nearby, they will come at the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.

Often, the creation of a recreational zone on the site of a forest or reservoir swallowed up by a city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled in, and the forest cut down to make room for development. Conservation of wildlife areas in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices cause exceptional labor enthusiasm among developers.

Recreation and tourism areas - what is it?

Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.

The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas was to increase the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is assumed that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of the tourism business, the creation of new and the reconstruction of old health resorts.

Such zones can be created in separate sections of municipalities. Private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership can be located there. Plots allocated for zones of this type may be part of specially protected areas. This is what the tourist and recreational zone differs from the usual economic zone.

The state offers companies intending to engage in tourism business to obtain the status of a resident of the tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the benefits associated with this. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the carry forward of losses to subsequent tax periods, which amount to 30% for other business entities, have been removed for residents. In addition, for a certain period of time, a gentle income tax rate can be established for them.

The problem of protecting wildlife in the creation of tourist and recreational zones

On the territory of such tourist and recreational zones, metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic mud and other objects of balneological tourism. It is also impossible to engage in the processing of scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, for spilling mineral waters or otherwise using the balneological resources of the territory. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except for motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.

One of the reasons why conservationists are hesitant about the project is that entrepreneurs get the right to build tourist facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, environmentalists believe, that these works will be carried out in violation of existing norms and rules.

Similar experiments took place in the Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of objects planned as environmentally safe has led to the cutting down of unique relic forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With such a development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage will already be done, the acceptance of the damage is irreparable. These risks also need to be taken into account.

That is why environmental organizations demand a ban on the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Especially since they don't exist.

Estimated economic benefit from the project implementation

The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without the economic support of entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, until 2026, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent on financing such zones. Representatives of the tourism business, according to forecasts, will invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the implementation of the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the formation of the country's GDP will reach 2%. This is not as small as it seems - after all, now state revenues from this sphere of activity tend to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business that requires state support.

The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts, their improvement. Now many say that it is more pleasant and more profitable to rest on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings a lot of income to countries that have attractive territories in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. It is necessary to apply all the conditions so that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not abroad.

What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?

At the moment, the recreational zones of Russia are represented by the following list:

• recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
• in the Irkutsk region - "Gate of Baikal";
• in Altai - "Altai Valley" and "Turquoise Katun";
• zone in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic.

Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational areas in the Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad Region were liquidated by the decision of the government. The zone on the Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement was concluded with residents and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.

The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been exclusively tourist.

How could it happen that in the territories traditionally living off tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this item seemed the most promising.

Obviously, the practical implementation of the project to create tourist and recreational zones will be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are likely to be overly optimistic. Since there were no people in Sochi and Tuapse who wanted to go into the tourism business, it means that the projected income from the project needs to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.

Time will tell how wealthy other objects will turn out to be economically.

Tourist complex in the Stavropol Territory

The natural and recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called "Caucasian Mineral Waters". It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsky districts. The potential of the zone is vast. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, the unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of Tsarist Russia, and Essentuki mineral water is one of the best mineral waters in the world.

Basic elements of infrastructure are located near the recreational area, access to them will not be difficult. In this area, it is planned to develop, first of all, health and balneological tourism, sports, educational and ecological tourism seem to be promising.

Tourist complexes "Turquoise Katun" and "Altai Valley"

Tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area is reminiscent of the classic landscapes of northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the height of the cover reaches 600 mm. It is supposed to create routes for hiking, water, skiing, equestrian tourism. It will be interesting here for fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of speleotourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.

Traditional trades and crafts of the inhabitants of Altai, a large number of archaeological and cultural monuments, museums of the Altai Territory can also attract tourists to this area.

The project of the recreational zone "Altai Valley" should cover the territories of two state reserves and four reserves, this will also include 5 objects from the list world heritage UNESCO.

The most attractive for tourism are Nizhne-Uymonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, Bie-Telitsky districts. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object as Lake Manzherok. Mount Sinyukha is located nearby. This is an ideal place to create a mountain resort that meets world standards. IN this moment there are none in the country. The government of the Republic of Altai has repeatedly tried to start the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. It is possible that funds will be found within the framework of this project.

One of the significant drawbacks of this territory is the lack of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item "construction of the airport" is included in the project, but is unlikely to be funded, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is in question.

Tourist complex "Gate of Baikal"

The recreational zone "Gate of Baikal" in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is precisely this lake that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything to create a mountain sports and health resort of a balneological direction: mountains, mountain rivers, a warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.

A large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism. It is planned to create a water tourism center with a yacht club and an indoor water park on the shore of Lake Kotokelskoe.

Ski resort in the Chechen Republic

The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from the city of Grozny. It will be organized as ski resort high class. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country skiing trails, 19 ski slopes of varying difficulty, a horse arena and a stable will be built. Nearby, they plan to create an artificial snowmaking system and a reservoir to feed it.

Without a doubt, Europe outside the borders of the CIS is the most important territory in the world in terms of tourism. In fact, the first centers of tourism in the ancient world arose here, organized tourism was born here in the 19th century, and the states most visited by tourists are located here. And this is no coincidence: Europe is a very diverse territory in terms of natural features - here a tourist can get acquainted with almost all zones of the cold and temperate zone, up to the Mediterranean subtropics, which are especially popular in tourism. There are many seas here, with which Europe is literally indented, large lakes, very different in length and water regime of rivers, among which there are international ones that flow through several countries (Danube, Rhine, etc.). The relief of this part of the world is varied: more or less extensive plains alternate with high-mountain regions, where vertical altitudinal zonality is pronounced. The system of the European highlands is crowned by the system of the Alps with highest point Europe on the border of France and Italy - Mont Blanc (4807 m above sea level). Thus, Europe is highly attractive due to the wide differentiation of its natural conditions.

The ethno-confessional appearance of different regions of Europe is also very diverse. Most of its inhabitants belong to the peoples speaking the languages ​​of the Slavic, Germanic, Romance language groups. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of them profess Christianity in its various forms, among which Catholicism, united by the Pope of Rome (in the Vatican), various forms of Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.), Orthodoxy (like Protestantism, not having a single center in foreign Europe). Adherents of Islam live in a number of countries. All this was very strongly reflected not only in everyday life, lifestyle, but (and this, perhaps, is especially important for tourists) and in religious architecture.

Civil architecture was greatly affected not only (and not so much) by ethnic differences, but by the complex history of European countries. The constant redrawing of the map of Europe led not only to the emergence of new and the disappearance of old states, but also to the formation of new cities, the network of which is very dense here. At the same time, these cities are of different types, which is reflected in their area, population, and appearance. Here, the images of cities are very different, which often merge with each other, rural settlements, forming both urban agglomerations and megalopolises.

In modern Europe, tourists are especially attracted by the monuments of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the Middle Ages, the era of the Renaissance.

birth. Of great interest are modern buildings, often unique (for example, the Eiffel Tower in Paris).

For many centuries Europe has been a complex of states concentrating most of the world's intellect. It is no coincidence that there are many higher educational institutions, scientific institutes, museums, scientific forums are constantly held here, and therefore scientific tourism is developing. Adjacent to it is festival tourism (including sports tourism). Of course, the importance in European countries and business tourism is very high.

Thus, we can safely say that almost all types of tourism (named and not named in the previous lines) are typical for Europe, which explains its scale.

In Europe, based on its historical, socio-economic, natural and some other prerequisites, it is possible to identify (outside Russia and the CIS) four recreational and tourist zones: Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe.

I. Until recently, the East European zone was an integral part of the "socialist camp": the countries of this zone were part of both the CMEA and the Warsaw Pact organization. This circumstance left a great imprint on the peculiarities of the development of the Eastern European states after World War II, and these peculiarities, of course, could not be erased over the past decade. That is why wariness remained with regard to everything emanating from Russia, including in terms of tourist ties. Of course, here the picture is rather complicated: the intellectual part of the society of Eastern European countries understands that ordinary Russians are not responsible for the affairs of their rulers, and treat tourists from Russia with understanding and attention. But ordinary residents of Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and other countries of this zone can hardly forget those negative (and often tragic) events that were associated with the actions of their great eastern neighbor; nor can they respect the countless "shuttle" tourists from Russia and other CIS countries. And hence a certain chill in relation to tourists from the territory of the former USSR, the desire to attract the largest possible number of foreign tourists from other regions of the world. (However, this trend was also in the pre-reform years.)

The Eastern European zone, in addition to a common post-war history, has one more feature that unites it into one whole: most of its population (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians) are Slavs. Only the Romanians are among the Romanesque peoples, and the Hungarians are among the Finno-Ugric peoples. Three confessions predominate in the zone - Catholic (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia), Protestant (various types), Orthodox (Romania, Bulgaria). The same confessions are characteristic of the Baltic countries, which until recently were part of the USSR.

As for natural conditions, they vary greatly from north to south. A tourist moving from the Baltic countries to Bulgaria sees a gradual change in landscapes - from forested in the north and in the center, steppe in western Romania and Hungary to subtropical in southern Bulgaria. At the same time, in Romania and especially in Bulgaria (to a lesser extent in other states), altitudinal vertical zonality in the mountains (Carpathians, Balkans) is well expressed. So the natural attraction in this tourist area is undoubtedly higher in the south, where, in addition (and this is very important!), There is the Black Sea with its excellent beaches in Bulgaria and Romania.

As for the historical and cultural attractiveness, then, as they say, each country has something to boast about: after all, all the states of this zone interesting story, traces and monuments of which are the most interesting tourist sites.

1. The Baltic includes the territories of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
The main attractiveness of the area lies in its seaside position and the resort recreation associated with it. Two large complexes were formed here - Palanga (Lithuania) and Jurmala (Latvia), the Estonian coastal complexes Pärnu and Haapsalu are somewhat less important.

But nature, and especially the sea with its beaches, is not the only factor in the tourist attraction of the area. Of great interest here are many cities with their historical monuments of the Middle Ages and the New Age. In this regard, capital cities - Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius - are attractive.

Thus, the Baltic can be considered as an area of ​​recreational and educational, as well as scientific tourism. At the same time, the main directions of tourism are sufficiently provided with the appropriate infrastructure here. However, after the collapse of the USSR, it remains largely unclaimed, because the main flow of tourists from the republics of the USSR was interrupted, and Western tourists do not show much interest in the tourist Baltic.

2. Poland. Its tourist resources are determined, in addition to the picturesque nature (sea, rivers, forests, medium-altitude mountains), the opportunity to engage in summer and winter sports, as well as a large number of historical cultural monuments different eras, musical traditions of the country, etc.

Natural attractiveness is distinguished primarily by the north of the country with its Baltic coast and the south, where part of the Carpathian mountain system is located. As for the attractiveness of the historical, cultural, historical and architectural, it is possessed by the main tourist center of the country and its capital Warsaw, as well as Krakow, famous for its historical, architectural and cultural monuments. Very attractive are also Gdansk, Szczecin, the birthplace of Copernicus - Torun, Wroclaw. Among the resorts can be called the "Riviera of the North" -g. Sopot in the Baltic (with its traditional festivals), Krynica - the pearl of Polish resorts in the south of the country.

3. The central macroregion includes the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary. Having no access to the sea, this region, due to its Central European position and great historical, cultural and natural attractiveness, attracts a large number of tourists, whose number has grown rapidly in the post-war years.

The nature of the region is very diverse: medium-altitude mountains in the east and west, a plateau in the center, lowlands in the north, the great European Danube River, the "Hungarian Sea" - Lake Balaton, forests of different composition, steppes (Hungarian Pashta), healing mineral springs ... Numerous historical and cultural monuments, architectural ensembles of different eras, museums - all these are important elements of the area's attractiveness. To this should be added a fairly developed tourist infrastructure, often exotic (a large number of tourist hotels are located in the medieval castles of the Czech Republic).

In the Czech Republic, the main center for attracting tourists is the country's capital, one of the most beautiful cities in the world - "Golden Prague" with such attractions as Wenceslas and Old Town Squares, the town hall with the famous chimes, Prague Castle with the Cathedral of St. Vita and palaces (a kind of Prague Kremlin), Charles Bridge, museums of the great Czech composers Smetana and Dvorak and much more. Among the tourist areas of the country, it is necessary to name the western Czech Republic with the famous resorts of Karlovy Vary and Marianske Lazne, whose fame is due to healing mineral springs, resort mountain recreational areas.

In Slovakia, the west of the country is the region educational tourism(the main center is the capital of the country Bratislava), the middle part (due to its natural diversity and a high degree of natural attractiveness) is a natural and recreational area, the east is a mountain tourism(different in different seasons).

In Hungary, the main center of attraction for tourists is the capital Budapest with its bridges over the Danube, the parliament building, the citadel with a place of recreation, sports and entertainment on Margaret Island, numerous mineral springs, including hot ones (in and around the city). Attract tourists who come to the country for educational purposes, as well as other large, medium and small cities, where there are fortresses, castles, cathedrals. There are also curious natural objects of various types. And, of course, the main among them is the lake. Balaton, on the banks of which holiday-makers flock.

4. Black Sea region. It can include Romania and Bulgaria. Both countries are characterized by access to the Black Sea with its beaches, a combination of mountainous regions with plateaus, plains, wide valleys, and vertical zonality of vegetation. Hence its diversity. All this makes the area attractive in terms of its natural attractiveness. But it is also characterized by important elements of historical-cultural, historical-architectural attractiveness. Despite many common features of attractiveness, Romania and Bulgaria, being Orthodox states, differ in their ethnic groups (mainly Slavic in Bulgaria, Romance in Romania), many national traditions. In addition, within these countries themselves there are many internal differences, not only natural and socio-economic, but also ethnic (suffice it to recall the Turkish minority with its language and religion in Bulgaria, the Hungarian minority with its language and Catholicism in western Romania - Transylvania or about the German minority in the Romanian Banat). We must not forget that the political map of this region, even in the XIX-XX centuries. redrawn several times.

The Black Sea coast, the Danube Delta and other natural factors make the southeast the main tourist mesoregion of Romania with its numerous resorts - the Black Sea beaches and the organizational center of Constanta. An important tourist mesoregion is the capital. In Bucharest, which the rulers of the country wanted to turn into a "little Paris", there are a large number of historical monuments from different centuries (including Orthodox churches), monuments, pompous buildings for various purposes, museums. All this makes Bucharest an interesting, albeit very diverse, excursion object. In other parts of Romania, recreational tourism is widespread (different in different seasons), including in the mountains (medium-altitude). It is combined with elements of cognitive tourism - the corresponding objects are found in different parts of the country - and balneological. Like any capital, Bucharest is the center of business, scientific and festival tourism.

Located to the south, Bulgaria is one of the most developed countries in Europe in terms of tourism. And this, of course, is not accidental: diverse nature, cultural monuments of different centuries - all this makes the country extremely attractive for tourists. At the same time, several tourist meso-regions are quite clearly distinguished.

The Black Sea region of Bulgaria concentrates a large number of sea resorts known all over the world. Tourists are attracted by the sea, beaches, well-developed infrastructure. There are also objects of educational tourism, among which are the monuments of antiquity. There are also exotic natural and archaeological objects.

Sofia, the capital of the country, is an important area for educational tourism (temples, monuments, interesting buildings civil architecture). Near the city there is a tourist complex Vitosha massif and some other objects.

In the south-west of Bulgaria there are mountain ranges of Rila, Rhodopes, Piria attract tourists with their nature, resorts (mountain air, numerous mineral springs), monasteries. Here, unlike other regions of the country, the seasonality of tourism is less, because in winter its mountain-skiing type is developed. The mountainous region of central Bulgaria - the Balkans (Stara Plapina) and the gradual descent to the Danube located to the north attract with important educational and tourist sites, monuments of the ancient world and the Middle Ages. But, perhaps, of particular interest are the numerous monuments of Russian-Bulgarian friendship of the XIX-XX centuries. - these are various monuments of the era of the Russian-Turkish wars and World War II. It is enough to name a temple-monument in the village of Shipka, where you will create a tourist center. Among the cities of the central-northern region, one should name Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Rusa, the famous city of Bulgarian wits Gabrovo. Of course, one cannot fail to mention the famous Kazanlak Valley of Roses, located inside the mountain system of the Balkans.

II zone of Northern Europe includes a group of Scandinavian countries united by the proximity of history and languages ​​(Sweden, Norway, Denmark and its possession of Greenland, Iceland), as well as historically and territorially close to them Finland.

Northern Europe is distinguished by a natural attraction, and of a special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, very severe; it (environment), compared with other regions of Europe, to a greater extent retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

Increasing tourist demand for visiting northern countries led to the fact that they “began to build modern accommodation facilities for tourists - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fishermen's houses, sportsmen's houses, etc. Means of transport and roads are being modernized.

Sea cruises are organized to the regions of the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland with hunting for polar animals, including polar bears.

The Nordic countries as a whole are more a supplier of tourists, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area. At the same time, it should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is rather limited.

Each of the Nordic countries is a tourist Macro-district.

1. Denmark is the southernmost of the countries in the zone. Its natural attractiveness lies in the original combination of the Jutland peninsula, a number of major islands, straits and seas washing the country. The main historical and cultural center is the capital of the country Copenhagen with cultural and architectural monuments of the XV-XVIII centuries. There are also older monuments outside the city. In one of the ancient cities of the country Helsingor on north about. Zealand is home to the famous Kronborg Castle, covered in the legend of Prince Hamlet. At the same time, quite non-legendary magnificent sculptor B. Thorvaldsen lived and worked in Denmark, whose museum is located in the capital, and the famous storyteller G.-Kh. Andersen. In many parts of Denmark there are climatic resorts using And delights of sea beaches.

Norway and Sweden are on the Scandinavian Peninsula. 2. Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Veneri, Vättern, Mälaren, etc.) and small fast-flowing rapids rivers, coniferous, mixed, broad-leaved forests. Natural water bodies are supplemented by artificial channels, among which are Goethe-kapa l; as a result, a waterway was formed about 500 km long from Stockholm, the capital of the country, to its second city, Gothenburg.

The capital of the state is, at the same time, its main historical and cultural center with corresponding structures and buildings, the age of which dates back even to the 13th century. There are a lot of museums, including outdoor ones. There are hundreds of small islands near Stockholm - places of rest for the capital's residents. Gothenburg attracts tourists with museums, theaters, concert halls, the north of the country Lapland - a kind of subpolar nature and life of the natives. There are many resort places in Sweden with a high level of infrastructure. Among the recreation areas there are many winter ones, which enjoy considerable success.

3. Norway has great exoticism with its high plateaus (fjelds), deep and long bays-fjords, high for its latitudes (due to warm currents) temperatures. Like Sweden, Norway is a country of ancient Scandinavian culture, and historical and architectural monuments often date back to the 12th-14th centuries.

The cities of Oslo (the capital of the country) and Bergen, as well as Trondheim are most attractive for historical, architectural and historical and cultural educational tourism. These three cities, as well as the fjords, attract foreign tourists. Both along the coast and in the interior of the country there are many resorts with first-class tourism infrastructure, providing tourists visiting the country of the great travelers R. Amundsen and F. Nansen, the composer E. Grieg, the playwright G. Ibsen.

4. Iceland has a lot of specific features. Firstly, it is a huge island, remote from the mainland at a great distance.

Secondly, it is a country with unstable weather, the birthplace of many cyclones; No wonder they say that the weather in Europe (especially Western) is born in Iceland. Thirdly, this is a typical country of nature and educational tourism, famous for its glaciers, volcanoes (including active ones, including Hekla), geysers. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, has many museums and monuments.

5. The attractiveness of Finland is in its nature, which combines thousands of lakes, channels connecting them, and well-preserved forests of the temperate zone. In addition to the general natural environment and individual objects of nature, there are a number of cities in the country that attract the attention of tourists with their historical and cultural sites. Among them - the capital of the country Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Hyamenlinna (where the house-museum of the great Finnish composer J. Sibelius is located). Many tourists are attracted by the shores of the country's largest lake. Saimaa and the north of the state - Lapland with its winter tourism. In general, Finland is a fairly typical natural attractive country with appropriate tourism and good tourist infrastructure.

III. Western European zone- one of the most popular tourist areas in Europe. It attracts tourists with a very diverse nature, and a multitude of historical, cultural, historical and architectural sites. At the same time, it has a well-developed infrastructure, reflecting the general high level of labor in the countries of Western Europe. It is this circumstance, and in many respects a common, albeit contradictory, history that unites this zone, despite natural contrasts, into one whole. At the same time, differences in natural conditions are so great within the zone that they primarily determine the division of the zone into macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and the Benelux countries, the French region.

1. The British tourist area is characterized by the following main features: “the predominance of educational tourism (especially for Ireland, host large flows of "transit workers" from North America; poor development of resort tourism, which is explained by unfavorable climatic conditions for this purpose:

An important place in the flow of cruise travelers making sea trips around Europe, across the Atlantic, etc.;

The predominance of air transportation of domestic and foreign tourists over automobile "".

British Isles, primarily about. Great Britain, present to tourists a wide range of historical and cultural monuments located in cities or in the foyer of a well-groomed nature.

Of course, the main center of educational tourism in the region is London (founded in the 1st century), the capital of one of the great states - the city

Palaces, museums, monuments and parks, mansions (Tower Fortress, Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Houses of Parliament, Trafalgar Square with a monument to Admiral Nelson, etc.) and still preserved slums. Today, London is connected to the mainland by a newly built Channel Tunnel.

In addition to London, seaside resorts (Brighton, Bournemouth, Dover) are attractive for tourists. Some resorts also use mineral springs. So, in general, resort tourism is only relatively underdeveloped here.

Within the UK, which seems to have approximately the same natural conditions, there are many tourist meso-regions that differ in the nuances of nature and historical and architectural monuments. M. A. Ananiev identifies the following: London; River Thames Basin; South coast of England in the counties of Kant, Suxsex and Hampshire; Brighton; Bournemouth; Dover; Winchester (north of Southampton); Canterbury (the religious center of the country, the residence of the head of the Anglican Church, the Archbishop of Canterbury with a cathedral of the 12th-15th centuries); Southwest coast of England; Midland; East England; The resort islands of Jersey and Guernsey; Isle of Wight; Isle Of Man; Wales; North of England; "Lake District"; Scotland; Shetland Islands; Northern Ireland (Ulster) 1 . In addition, the Republic of Ireland (Eire) is a separate mesoregion.

2. Alpine microdistrict includes Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein and adjacent Alpine regions of neighboring countries (France, Italy, etc.). It is a very old tourist destination. At the same time, the number of tourists is large in the region, not only in summer, but also in winter, when the mountains accessible to tourists have the necessary snow cover. For a long time, the leader of Alpine tourism was Switzerland with its mountain beauties: peaks and peaks, glaciers and valleys, lakes, mountain rivers, forests and alpine meadows, with its relatively small, but historically and culturally interesting cities. Even without tourists, Switzerland is a multinational country (in which there are 4 official languages ​​- German, French, Italian, Romansh), and with tourists, its appearance at times resembles an ethnographic map of the world. The most interesting for tourists are the cities of Geneva, Zurich, Bury (the capital of the country), Basel, Lucerne, Lausanne, Lugano, many mountain resorts (recommended especially for pulmonary patients).

In the last decade, Switzerland has been overtaken by Austria in terms of the number of tourists: it attracts T only the Alps, but also the outstanding center of world culture - Vienna - with its palaces and temples, museums and theaters, concert halls with their rich musical life. Many great composers lived and worked in Vienna (L. Beethoven, I. Haydn,

W. Mozart, F. Schubert, I. Strauss, etc.), to whom special museums are dedicated. In addition to Vienna, the birthplace of Mozart, the city of Salzburg, attracts attention.

The Alps also reach the southeast of France, where, among other mountain sports resorts, Grenoble and Chamonix are especially famous.

Alpine Italy attracts tourists to a lesser extent.

In general, the Alpine region (which includes the "dwarf" state of Liechtenstein) is distinguished by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, which uses the slightest excuse to attract tourists to one or another area, to one or another point of the Alps. It is no coincidence that the Alps are visited by more than 60 million tourists a year 1 .

3. Germany with adjoining Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg) represents a special tourist macro-region of the Western European zone. It is located in the center of Europe and is well provided with communications, especially overland, which facilitates not only intra-regional tourist migration, But and pan-European. It is no coincidence that many tourists in their voyages, traveling through this region, often capture neighboring ones (which was facilitated in connection with the Schengen agreement) 2 .

The area is characterized by attractive nature. In the south, there are medium-altitude mountains, then there is a descent to the north to the North and partly the Baltic Seas. Some lowlands (in the Netherlands) are below sea level and are protected by dams and dikes. The climate also changes from south to north. It is most favorable for recreation in the valleys of southern Germany, which led to the development of resorts there, including those using healing waters. There are, of course, seaside resorts. But the areas attract tourists not only for their nature: in four countries that have experienced many historical ups and downs, a large number of cultural monuments from different eras have been preserved. They are located both in metropolitan (Berlin, Bonn, Brussels, The Hague, Amsterdam, Luxembourg) cities and in provincial cities. Among them we can mention Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Mechelen (Malin) in Belgium, Rotterdam (the largest port of Western Europe), Utrecht, Groningen - in the Netherlands, Munich, Hanover, Hamburg, Bremen, the world famous resort of Baden-Baden in Germany. Thus, the area appears as a model of integrated tourism.

4. The French macroregion includes the territory of France without its Alpine regions and the Mediterranean coast.

Plain over most of its territory, a medium-altitude region in the Central French Massif, cut through by large river arteries of the Seine, Rhone, Loire, Garonne with their tributaries and numerous picturesque river valleys, overlooking the Atlantic in its western part and possessing a huge number of historical monuments and museums of various eras (from ancient times to the present day), the French region is one of the most attractive not only in Europe, but throughout the world, as evidenced by the number of tourists arriving here every year.

Of course, the main tourist mesoregion is Paris - the "Mecca" of all tourists in the world. Its sights are well known (Notre Dame Cathedral, the Louvre, the Champs Elysees and the Arc de Triomphe, Les Invalides with the tomb of Napoleon, Pere Lachaise cemetery, suburban Versailles, etc.).

They are complemented by a well-developed tourist infrastructure, which is different for different social groups of tourists. But apart from Paris, which is said to be worth a Mass, the French District is full of places of interest literally everywhere. We can say that the whole area is filled with history, architecture, legends. This also applies to such an important mesoregion as the French part of the Pyrenees, where the Basques live. Their main city here is Bayona, to the southeast of which is the city of Lourdes, one of the very important centers of pilgrimage for Catholics.

IV. Very important tourist area - Southern Europe. Located on three South European peninsulas washed by the Mediterranean Sea (Iberian, Apennine, Balkan) and adjacent territories, the zone is distinguished by the attractiveness of the Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean climate, subtropical vegetation, largely cultivated and, no less important, very complex history, which left in this area a great many monuments of culture and architecture. The motley here and the ethno-confessional composition of the population. So it can be argued that the attractiveness of the zone is great and diverse.

It is no coincidence that the European shores of the Mediterranean Sea attract annually 100 million migrant tourists.

Within the zone, tourist macro-regions are quite clearly distinguished: Adriatic, Pyrenean, Appepiio-Maltese, Southern France.

1. The Adriatic region includes the territory of the former Yugoslavia and Albania. At the same time, before the events of the last decade, Yugoslavia was one of the major entry tourist countries. The nature of the Adriatic region is very mosaic, but it can be argued that tourists were attracted mainly by areas on the Adriatic coast and the largest cities with their historical and cultural

attractions. Four categories of tourist areas can be distinguished on the territory of the zone:

1) resorts of the Adriatic coast;

2) mountain, mainly ski centers;

3) other interior regions with climatic resorts;

4) resorts with thermal mineral springs.

Among the resort seaside centers are Dubrovnik, Opatija, Portoroz, Pula, Split, Rijeka; among the lake resorts - Bled, Ohrid; among the resorts at mineral springs - Vriyachka Banya. Among the cities that attract representatives of educational tourism are the capital of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, the capital of Croatia, Zagreb, the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana (known for its festivals, vernissages, museums).

Relatively little developed in terms of tourism, Albania is located to the south - and this is its climatic advantage over the lands of b. Yugoslavia.

Further south is Greece; it attracts with its climate, the sea with its beaches, but first of all, of course, with its great history and its traces imprinted in architectural monuments. These monuments are found in all tourist mesoregions of Greece: Central Greece, Northern Greece, the Peloponnese, numerous islands (the most fashionable resort microdistrict of the country is the island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea).

The main organizational center of tourism in Greece is its capital, Athens. There is also the famous Acropolis with the Parthenon, the temples of Zeus, Nike and other monuments of antiquity. In the northern part of the country, such a center is Thessaloniki, near which Mount Athos is located, as well as the legendary Olympus, "the abode of the gods."

2. The Apepnino-Maltese region includes Italy (except for its Alpine regions), two dwarf states of the Vatican and San Marino and the island state of Malta.

Like other areas of Southern Europe, the area is attractive, at least doubly: because of its blessed nature and magnificent monuments of world culture.

In Italy, 6 meso-regions are distinguished:

1) Rome and central Italy, attracting tourists mainly
sights of the Italian capital - the "eternal city". Per
New settlements existed here in the 10th century. to i. e. Nowadays, among the monuments of antiquity, there is a round temple of the par. Tiber, the ruins of the Colosseum, the Pantheon, the triumphal arches of Titus, etc. Among the very large number of Renaissance monuments is the Cathedral of St. Peter.

2) Naples and southern Italy, the attraction of which is in the monuments of Naples, the ruins of Pompeii, smoking Vesuvius and many others

attractions. There are many of them on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and

throughout the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula. Among the resorts, the famous Sorrento on the coast of the Gulf of Naples should be mentioned.

3) Florence and northern part of Central Italy. Florence -
this is a true museum city, which has collected wonderful monuments of architecture and paintings of the Renaissance.

4) Lombardy in the north of the country is attracted primarily by Milan with its historical and architectural monuments and the famous La Scala Opera House.

5) Northwest Italy - first of all, a wonderful resort area - the Ligurian Riviera. big role in tourism
also plays one of the oldest cities in the country - Genoa, with its
numerous historical and architectural monuments. Interesting and
another major city is Turin.

6) Northeast Italy, where the main center of attraction for tourists is Venice with its canals, gondolas, gondoliers,
numerous palazzos. Other cities are also interesting - Padua,
Bologna, Verona with numerous ancient monuments.

The small state of Sai Mariio, located inside the peninsula, is the oldest republic in the world, and the Vatican, located inside Rome, with its St. Peter's Cathedral, is the residence of the Pope. Malta (with the capital La Valletta), known for its monuments of the past and its peculiar architecture, is also popular with tourists.

3. The Pyrenean macroregion includes Spain, Portugal and little Andorra. This area is very attractive for tourists and in the last decade has enjoyed exceptional tourist demand. This is quite understandable: the combination of the sea coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea with their beaches with a Mediterranean and close to it climate, internal differentiation of natural conditions (high-mountainous and medium-altitude regions, plateaus and lowlands - from very humid to arid, corresponding diverse vegetation), ethnic exoticism and especially the historical and cultural heritage make this area highly attractive. In addition, over the past decades, a lot of work has been done to equip the area with a diverse tourist infrastructure. At the same time, here, as in the previously mentioned Czech Republic, tourists are often accommodated in ancient castles or historical buildings, which gives tourism additional charm.

Spain is especially popular, where you can travel through the high-mountainous Pyrenees, and through the arid Aragon, through Old and New Castile in the center of the country, through Andalusia in the south, relax and enjoy the benefits of the sea on the coasts. You can get acquainted with the life of the Spaniards, which differ from them in certain features.

Catalans and freedom-loving Basques. You can see incendiary Spanish dances and bullfights.

But, of course, tourism in Spain is a visit to the country's capital Madrid with the famous Prado art gallery, historical buildings with monuments. There are many of them in Barcelona. Seville enjoys exceptional popularity, the foundation of which dates back to the 7th century. to p. e. Seville has a huge number of historical and cultural monuments of secular and ecclesiastical purposes. The same applies to the city of Granada, which has been greatly influenced by Muslim architectural traditions. It is no coincidence that the fortress-palace of the Moorish rulers, the Alhambra, attracts tourists so much. A visit to Seville and Granada makes one involuntarily recall A. K. Tolstoy and P. I. Tchaikovsky (“From Seville to Grenada ...”). In the south of Spain is one of the oldest cities in the country of Cordoba with numerous historical and architectural monuments of many eras. It is worth mentioning here that many buildings in the cities of Spain and other Romanesque countries are distinguished by a special external luxury, which are certain traditions that were later transferred from Europe and overseas to Latin America.

There are a lot of resort towns and villages on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Among them, a special place is occupied by the third most populous city in Spain - founded in the II century. to p. e. Valencia, with a rich centuries-old history and relevant historical and cultural monuments. Zone at sea ​​resorts Spain continues on the Balearic Islands belonging to it (200 km from the Iberian Peninsula). Among the islands of the archipelago, Mallorca (with the most famous resort of Palma) is especially famous.

Much less tourist opportunities in Portugal. However, in this country, in addition to the vibrant nature, there are many educational tourist sites. Most of them are in the capital of Lisbon (starting from architectural monuments of the 7th century, religious buildings, monuments, museums). Of interest is a visit to cork oak plantations, a visit to the area adjacent to the second largest city in the country, Porto (Oporto). This area is the birthplace of port wine. There are also purely resort and recreational facilities.

An important source of income was tourism for a small mountainous state in the Pyrenees - Andorra (the capital of Andorra la Vella). Tourists coming here along the only highway connecting France with Spain are attracted by mountain landscapes, the originality of the life of the "children of the mountains", and individual historical and architectural monuments. A certain infrastructure has been created to serve tourists.

4. In the zone of Southern Europe, the role of the southern coast of France is great. It is especially famous for its favorable conditions for rest and treatment along the coast from Marseille to the border of France with Italy. This is the French Riviera. Its sixty-kilometer section from Cannes to Menton is remarkable - Cote d'Azur, protected from the northern winds by the Alpes-Maritimes. All this coast has long been popular with recreational tourists. different countries peace. Often and for a long time, representatives of the Russian aristocracy lived here before the revolution, and representatives of the Russian emigration after it, and now - representatives of the "new Russians".

At the very border with Italy is the Principality of Monaco, known for its wonderful oceanographic museum, and even more so for the world-famous casino in Monte Carlo, to which many Russian and foreign writers dedicated their stories and novels.

Questions for self-examination and assignments for independent work

1. Make a diagram of the tourist and recreational zones of Europe (outside the CIS) and the tourist macro-regions included in them.

2. Using the examples you have chosen, show the hierarchy of tourist zoning (tourist and recreational zone, tourist macro-, meso-, microdistricts).

3. Make a tourist description of one of the European capitals (outside the CIS).

4. Make (optional) a brief tourist description sea ​​cruise from Gdansk to Valencia; from London to Venice.

5. Make (optional) a brief description of a river trip along the Danube or Rhine.