Latvia flag coat of arms capital language currency. Latvia. Latvian National Opera

In Latvia you always catch yourself feeling that the “game of the West” is being played here in a very real way. You won't see police with machine guns on the streets. The president has no shame in visiting a nightclub, and in a cafe you can easily meet a minister or some local oligarch.

Location:

Located in northeastern Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Story:

The first principalities on the territory of Latvia arose in the X-XIII centuries. From the middle of the XIII to the middle of the XIV century. the territory was part of Livonia, which was under German domination, and from the middle of the 16th century Latvia took a subordinate position to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1721 and 1795, the bulk of the lands inhabited by Latvians became part of Russia.
After the surrender of Germany in 1918, the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed, and the Soviet Republic was formed on part of the territory, including Riga. But the national Latvian army launched military operations, as a result of which in 1920 the entire territory of Latvia became an independent republic. In 1939, an agreement was concluded on the deployment of Soviet troops on the territory of Latvia. In 1940, the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, which became part of the USSR. In 1941-1945. it was occupied by Nazi troops. In May 1990, a declaration was adopted on the restoration of independence. On August 21, 1991, Latvia declared independence.

Culture:

Latvian culture developed under the influence of folklore and the affection of local residents for their land. Christian rituals are very often enriched with ancient pagan traditions. Thus, in applied art, elements of pagan geometric symbols are clearly visible. One of the most striking traditions is holding singing festivals with choral performances of folk songs. The most popular and widely celebrated holiday in Latvia is Jan's Day - June 23. If you are a beer lover and come to Latvia on Jan’s Day, you will love Latvia as much as beer.
In any case, you will receive an unforgettable experience. Folk song festivals are regularly held in Riga, starting with a colorful procession of participants in national costumes. The national cuisine of Latvia will not leave anyone indifferent. Such native Latvian dishes are cold beetroot soup, steak with onion sauce, gray peas with bacon, bread soup. Latvia has a history rich in events and names. And the historical processes that took place on its territory could not but leave their mark on this land. To feel the spirit of history and feel the atmosphere of Latvia, it is recommended to visit the main attractions of Latvia.

Cinema "Riga" was the first cinema in the Baltic countries to start showing sound films.
Latvia is the only one among the Baltic countries that has its own winter circus. The Riga Circus building is an architectural monument of national importance.
On August 23, 1989, over two million people in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia joined hands to form a path of Baltic unity and demand restoration of independence.
Riga Central Market is one of the oldest and largest markets in Europe, distinguished by its original design.
Ventas Rumba Falls is the widest waterfall in Europe (149 meters).
Riga pharmacist Abraham Kuntze, based on an ancient recipe for a vodka infusion of medicinal herbs, in the 17th century, made a “miracle balm” - known as Riga black balsam.
In 1937, the VEF company, which specialized in radio and electrical equipment, began production of the world's first miniature camera, the VEF MINOX, invented by Walter Zapp (1905 - 2003).
The Gulbene-Aluksne railway is the only general-use narrow-gauge railway in the Baltics with a track width of 750 mm.

When is the best time to go:

The best time to travel to Latvia is the warm and dry months from April to September. In winter, cold and piercing winds hit the Baltic coast. Peak tourist season is late summer.

Attractions:

There are 21 museums in Riga, of which noteworthy are the Museum of the History of Latvia, the Museum of the History of the City and Navigation, the Museum of the History of Medicine, the Museum of Literature and Art, and the Art Museum. Among the architectural attractions are the castle of the Crusader knights in Sigulda (XIII-XIV centuries), the Dome Church (XIII century), the Church of Jacob of the XIII century. and Peter XIII-XV centuries, Great Order Castle XIV-XIX centuries, residential buildings XV-XVIII centuries.
Not far from Riga there is the famous climatic and balneological mud resort of Jurmala, where the Museum-dacha of the poet Rainis is located. A pop song festival is held annually in Jurmala.

Latvian republic

Latvia- a state in northeastern Europe. In the north it borders with Estonia, in the east with Russia, in the south with Belarus and Lithuania. In the west it is washed by the Baltic Sea.

The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - Latvieshi.

Capital

Square

Population

2386 thousand people

Administrative division

Latvia divided into 26 districts (counties) and 7 municipalities.

Form of government

Parliamentary republic

Head of State

President, elected by parliament for 3 years.

Supreme legislative body

A unicameral Sejm whose term of office is 4 years.

Supreme executive body

Government.

Big cities

Daugavpils, Liepaja.

Official language

Latvian.

Religion

Evangelical Lutherans, Orthodox.

Ethnic composition

51.8% are Latvians, 33.8% are Russians, 4.5% are Belarusians, 3.4% are Ukrainians, 2.3% are Poles.

Currency

Lat = 100 centimes.

Climate

The climate of Latvia is transitional from maritime to continental. The average July temperature is 4-16-18 °C. In January, on the Baltic Sea coast - 2°C, in the eastern regions - 7°C. The sunniest and driest month is May. There are 150-170 cloudy days a year in Latvia. Precipitation is 550-800 mm per year.

Flora

Deciduous and coniferous tree species are widely represented in the forests of Latvia: pine, birch, aspen, alder, oak. Meadows occupy 7.5% of the country's territory.

Fauna

The fauna of Latvia is not very diverse, but in the forests there are a large number of deer, hares, roe deer, foxes, squirrels, and wild boars. The Black Crane is quite common. Commercial fish species are found in coastal waters: herring, sprat, eel, etc.
Rivers and lakes. Latvia has a developed river network, all rivers belong to the Baltic Sea basin and are characterized by spring floods. The largest of them are Daugava, Lielupe, Venta, Gauja. There are many lakes, most of them of glacial origin. The deepest lake is Drizda. 4.8% of the territory is occupied by swamps.

Attractions

Dome Cathedral of the 13th century, St. John's Church, St. Peter's Cathedral, old town - in Riga. There are also 21 museums here, including the history of the city and navigation, the history of medicine, and foreign art. In Cesis there is a castle of the 14th century, in Liepaja there is a cathedral of the 18th century, in Jelgava there is a cathedral of the 17th century, in Jurmala there is a climatic balneological mud resort center.

Useful information for tourists

Latvians are very attentive to their guests - and this cannot be taken away from them. For a foreigner, medical care is expensive. Although medical certificates are not required to enter the country, it is recommended that you have insurance. In Latvia there are also no problems with the availability of medicines in pharmacies, but it is wiser to purchase them before traveling.

Useful information for tourists about Latvia, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Latvia, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Latvia.

Geography of Latvia

A state in northeastern Europe, on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. It borders with Estonia, Russia, Belarus and Lithuania. Washed by the Baltic Sea.

Most of the country is occupied by plains and lowlands, there are low hills - the Vidzeme Upland (the highest point is Gaizinkalns, 311 m). There are many lakes and rivers here.

State

State structure

Parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. The head of government is the prime minister. Parliament is a unicameral Sejm.

Language

Official language: Latvian

English, German and Swedish are widely used in the tourism sector. In everyday life, Russian is almost universally understood.

Religion

The majority of the population is Protestant (Lutheran) and Catholic, and there is also a Russian Orthodox minority.

Currency

International name: EUR

From 1993 to 2013, Latvian lats was used on the territory of Latvia. The transition to the euro took place on January 1, 2014.

Popular attractions

Tourism in Latvia

Where to stay

Latvia boasts a good hotel base and developed infrastructure. Here you can find hotels belonging to well-known global chains, as well as budget hotels and hostels. The gradation of hotels occurs according to the generally accepted world system. By staying in a 4-star hotel in Riga, you will receive the full range of services offered in a hotel of this level. At the same time, three-star hotels sometimes offer a level of service corresponding to 4 stars in Europe.

It is worth noting that hotels are classified on a voluntary basis. Guest houses and motels also have their own classification (from one to four stars). No less popular in Latvia is accommodation in campsites or hostels, which can also have from one to three stars.

Service in all hotels is at a high level, since tourism is one of the main sources of income in the country. In addition, you can now find Russian-speaking staff in many hotels. In 5* and 4* hotels, guests can use the services of a good restaurant, bar, visit a spa center, swimming pool or sauna.

In big cities you can easily find budget hotels or hostels. Here you will be offered a clean and comfortable room, a toilet and shower in the room or on the floor (you need to check in advance), as well as breakfast.

It is worth noting that in the resort town of Jurmala, despite its popularity, the hotel base is somewhat outdated - these are mainly sanatorium buildings from Soviet times. Therefore, private accommodation is popular here. The cost of living will depend on the level of the apartment, as well as the distance from the sea.

Spa hotels have recently become popular in Latvia, where, in addition to standard services, they offer wellness programs and specialist consultations.

Popular hotels

Excursions and attractions in Latvia

Elegant Latvia is a state in Northern Europe on the Baltic Sea coast. In the vastness of this beautiful country you will find many historical, cultural and natural attractions. Latvia is home to magnificent cathedrals and ancient castles, sea and balneological resorts, stunning natural landscapes, national traditions and a special, almost magical atmosphere.

Perhaps the main attraction of Latvia is its capital – Riga. It is the largest city in the country, as well as its cultural and economic center. Its historical part is of particular interest. The streets of Old Riga are paved with cobblestones and the unique atmosphere of a medieval city reigns here. The main attractions of the city and its symbols are the famous Dome Cathedral and St. Peter's Church. Among Riga's churches, it is also worth highlighting the Cathedral of St. James, the Church of St. John, the Church of the Holy Trinity, the Church of Mary Magdalene, the Nativity Cathedral, the Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Anglican Church, the Riga Synagogue and the Old Church of St. Gertrude. Important sights of Riga include the Riga Castle, the House of the Blackheads, the Swedish Gate, the Menzendorf House, the Three Brothers architectural complex, the Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation, the Latvian National History Museum, the Latvian Ethnographic Museum, the Palace of Peter I, the Riga TV Tower, the Daugavgriva Fortress and the Central market. Among the natural oases of the city, it is worth visiting the Vermane Garden, the Botanical Garden, the Arcadia, Dzeguzkalns, Grizinkalns and Kronvalda parks.

Daugavpils is the second largest and most important city in Latvia. Its historical “pearl” is the Daugavpils or Dinaburg fortress (castle). Also in Daugavpils it is worth visiting the stunningly beautiful Nature Park “Daugavas Loki”, the Church of Peter and Paul, the Boris and Gleb Church, the Church of Alexander Nevsky and the central street Rigas, where there are many architectural monuments. The city has a huge number of interesting sculptures and monuments. But what is most impressive is the natural landscapes of its surroundings - forests, rivers and lakes, among which the most picturesque is Lake Stropskoye.

Latvia also has its own “little Switzerland” - Sigulda. The city is located on the territory of the Gauja National Park and is famous for its natural beauty. The most popular local attraction is the picturesque Turaida Castle, founded at the beginning of the 13th century. Other interesting places are the Kropotkin Palace, the ruins of Krimulda Castle, Gutman's Cave (the largest in Latvia) with a healing spring, and the Great Devil's Cave. Sigulda is also home to one of the best bobsleigh and luge tracks in the world and the only cable car in the Baltics. Incredibly interesting are such sights of Latvia as the palace in Rundāle, the Basilica in Aglona, ​​Durbene Castle in the Tukums area, Wenden Castle in Cesis, Jelgava Palace and the Lazdukalns Arboretum in Ogre.

The largest and most popular resort in Latvia is Jurmala, located on the shores of the Gulf of Riga. It is also an important cultural center of Latvia, as it is here that the famous Dzintari concert hall is located. It is worth visiting the Kemeri National Park, the Jurmala open-air museum in the territory of the Ragakapa natural park, the dacha museum of the Latvian poet and playwright Jan Rainis, the Brezhnev dacha museum, the largest water park in Latvia “Livu” and a sports center with a yacht club and tennis courts in Lielupe.

The resort town of Liepaja is considered the musical capital of Latvia, so you should definitely visit its main attraction, the Music Walk of Fame. It is interesting to see the Museum of History and Art, the Church of St. Nicholas, the Church of St. Anne, the Cathedral of St. Jazep and stroll along Graudu Street, where you can admire the beautiful architectural structures in Art Nouveau. The city of Liepaja also has one of the best beaches on the Baltic Sea, marked with a “blue flag”.

The resort town of Ventspils is also very popular - one of the oldest cities in Latvia. The tourist infrastructure here is well developed, and the quality of service corresponds to the European level.

Tips

Tips are often already included in the bill. If this is not done, you should focus on 5-10% of the invoice amount.

Visa

Office hours

Banks are usually open on weekdays from 9 to 16-16.30, some large banks are open until 17-19, and also on Saturdays from 9 to 12.30.

Shops are usually open on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m., on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.; many grocery stores and supermarkets are open 24 hours a day.

Purchases

A VAT refund (18%) is possible subject to purchase in one store within one day for an amount of at least 59 lats (including VAT) and receipt of a “Tax Free” check from the seller. In this case, the purchased goods cannot be used on the territory of the country (the factory packaging must be preserved) until the customs stamp on the receipt is received. The goods specified in the check must be exported from Latvia no later than three months from the date of registration. The check is presented to a special cash desk "Cash Refund" on the territory of Riga International Airport, seaport or at land customs points. The refund amount is usually 12-15% of the purchase price. When leaving by train, the check is only stamped, and the VAT refund is carried out by mail (by transfer to a specified account or by sending a bank check).

History of Latvia in the period before the creation of an independent state

Until the end of the 12th century, the territory of present-day Latvia was mainly inhabited by tribes of the ancient Balts: Curonians, Selamis, Semigallians, who did not yet have their own statehood, were mainly engaged in agriculture and were pagans.

Under the rule of German knights (13th – 16th centuries)

At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, German crusaders captured these lands and, on the territory of present-day Latvia and Estonia, formed a confederation of feudal states - Livonia.

In 1201, at the mouth of the Daugava River, German crusaders founded the city of Riga. In 1282, Riga, and later Cesis, Limbazi, Koknes and Valmiera were accepted into the union of North German trading cities - the “Hansean League”, which contributed to the rapid development of this region. Riga becomes an important trading point between the West and the East.

Under Polish and Swedish rule (16th – 17th centuries)

In 1522, the Reformation movement, which by that time had swept all of Europe, also penetrated into Livonia. As a result of the Reformation, the Lutheran faith strengthened in the territories of Kurzeme, Zemgale and Vidzeme, and the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church remained in Latgale. Religious ferment undermined the foundations of Livonian statehood. In 1558

Russia, the Principality of Poland-Lithuania and Sweden began a war for possession of these territories, which ended in 1583 with the division of Livonia between the Principality of Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. The territory of modern Latvia went to Poland. The dispute between Poles and Swedes does not end there. During the new war (1600-1629), Vidzeme, as well as Riga, came under Swedish rule.

In the 17th century, the Duchy of Kurzme (a vassal of the Principality of Poland-Lithuania) experienced an economic boom and even captured overseas colonies: in Gambia (Africa) and the island of Tobago in the Caribbean (see more about this in the article “Maza of the Conquest of Duke Jacob”).

In turn, Riga becomes the largest city in Sweden, and Vidzeme is called the “bread granary of Sweden”, as it supplies most of the Kingdom of Sweden with grain.

In the 17th century, the consolidation of individual peoples (Latgalians, Selovians, Semigallians, Curonians and Livs) gradually took place into a single Latvian people speaking the same language. The first books in the Latvian language (prayer books) appeared in the middle of the 16th century, but then the Gothic font was used, not the modern one.

As part of the Russian Empire (1710 – 1917)

During the Northern War (1700–1721) between Russia and Sweden, Peter I, in 1710, approached Riga and, after 8 months of siege, took it. The territory of Vidzeme came under Russian control. In 1772, as a result of the division of Poland, the territory of Latgale passed to Russia, and in 1795, after the third partition of Poland, the territory of the Duchy of Kurzeme also passed to Russia.

Despite joining the Empire, the laws on these lands were often very different from those “internal Russian”. Thus, Russia retained the privileges of the German barons, who owned large estates and who, in essence, continued to be the main power in the localities. The barons were allowed to meet in the Landtags and propose various bills. Already in 1817-1819, serfdom was abolished in most of the territory of present-day Latvia. Only in 1887 was legislation introduced the teaching of the Russian language in all schools. During the period of Russian rule, the Pale of Settlement passed through the territory of eastern Latvia - Latgale - Old Believers and Jews were allowed to settle here on the outskirts of the empire. To this day, a strong Old Believer community has remained in Latvia, but the Jewish population, which constituted almost the majority of urban residents in these lands, was almost completely destroyed during the German occupation of 1941-1944.

At the end of the 18th century, industry began to develop rapidly and population growth increased. The territory of present-day Latvia has become the most developed province of Russia. At the end of the 18th century. Riga became the second, after St. Petersburg, port in the Empire, the third, after Moscow and St. Petersburg, an industrial center.

Since the end of the 19th century, a rise in national self-awareness began in Latvia, and the beginnings of a national movement emerged. It experienced a special rise during the first Russian Revolution of 1905-07. After the fall of the monarchy, in February 1917, Latvian representatives in the Russian Duma made demands for autonomy for Latvia.

History of Latvia in the 20th century century

First Republic (1920-1940)

At the end of 1918, most of Latvia, including Riga, was captured by the German army during the First World War. However, Germany, which lost the war, could not retain these lands, while at the same time the victorious countries were not interested in them passing to Soviet Russia. The current international situation has given Latvia a chance to gain its own statehood. The authorities of the Republic of Latvia begin to form, which proclaim the independence of Latvia on November 18, 1918.

First they act as allies of Germany against the Red Army, then they act against Germany itself, and finally they conquer the territory of Latgale from Soviet Russia. In February 1920, Russia signed a truce with Latvia, thereby recognizing its independence. At the Conference of the Great Powers in Paris on January 26, 1921, the independence of Latvia was recognized de jure unconditionally. At the same time, other “fragments” of the Russian Empire – Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland – gained independence.

Over the 20 years of independence, Latvia has managed to build an independent state and achieve certain economic successes. Initially a democratic parliamentary republic, it became an authoritarian state in 1934, when, as a result of a coup, K. Ulmanis seized absolute power. However, Ulmanis does not resort to widespread repression and, in general, acts as a “guarantor of stability.” The times of Ulmanis remain in the memory of many Latvians as a symbol of economic and cultural prosperity; at this time the standard of living in Latvia was one of the highest in Europe.

Loss of independence (1940)

On September 1, 1939, World War II began - Germany attacked Poland. On September 17, Soviet troops entered Poland from the east, Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR. October 2 - The USSR demanded that Latvia, within three days, transfer military ports, airfields and other military infrastructure for the needs of the Red Army. At the same time, similar demands were put forward in relation to Lithuania and Estonia, as well as Finland (additionally demands were put forward for the exchange of territory). At the same time, the Soviet leadership assured that we were not talking about interference in the internal affairs of these countries, but only about preventive measures so that their territory was not used as a springboard against the USSR.

The three Baltic countries, including Latvia, agreed to fulfill the requirements. On October 5, a mutual assistance pact was signed between Latvia and the USSR. A military contingent was introduced into the territory of the country, comparable, and even exceeding the size and power of the Latvian National Army. Finland refused to fulfill the conditions set, and on November 30 the USSR began military operations against it.

However, Latvia existed as an independent state for almost another year. The denouement came in 1940. In June 1940, Germany defeated France, and almost all of continental Europe came under its control. The Baltic countries remained the last undivided territory of Europe, besides the Balkans.

On June 16, the USSR presented Latvia (previously Lithuania, and three days later Estonia) with a new ultimatum, the main demand of which was the resignation of the “Government Hostile to the Soviet Union” and the formation of a new government, under the supervision of representatives of the USSR.

President K. Ulmanis accepted all points of the ultimatum and appealed to his people to remain calm, which ended with the famous phrase “stay in your places, and I will remain in mine.” On June 17, new units of Soviet military units entered Latvia without encountering any resistance. Already on June 21, a new government friendly to the USSR was formed, and on July 14-15, “national elections” were held in all three Baltic countries, which ended in a “convincing victory for the communists.” The newly elected supreme councils simultaneously turned to the Supreme Council of the USSR with a request to include Latvia (along with Estonia and Lithuania) into the USSR, which happened on August 5.

Soviet power in Latvia began to be established using proven technology. In order to “bring the bourgeois Baltics” up to the standards of the Stalinist USSR, “counter-revolutionary” elements were eradicated here at an accelerated pace, property nationalization and collectivization were carried out. A week before the start of the war, on June 14, the first mass deportation was organized - about 15 thousand people were sent to Siberia. During the year from June 1940 to June 1941, a lot was accomplished, and therefore many local residents welcomed the German army as liberators from communist terror.

Latvia during the war (1941-1945)

On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the USSR. The territory of Latvia came under German control within a week and a half and remained under it entirely until July 1944. During this time, up to 90 thousand people were killed in Latvia. Since July 1941, voluntary police detachments began to form in Latvia, some of which participated in the extermination of the Jewish population. Thus, the SD auxiliary unit, under the command of V. Aray, destroyed 30 thousand Jews.

In February 1943, by order of Hitler, the Latvian SS Legion began to form. Initially it was formed on a voluntary basis, but soon a general mobilization was carried out. In total, 94,000 people were conscripted into the legion.

In July-August 1944, the Red Army, in which the Latvian corps also fought, liberated almost the entire territory of Latvia from the Germans, with the exception of the so-called “Kurzeme Pocket”. The Kurzeme pocket - most of western Latvia - Kurzeme, with the ports of Ventspils and Liepaja, remained under German control until May 1945, and the units that defended it, including the Latvian Legion, laid down their arms only after the fall of Berlin and the complete surrender of Germany. The retention of the Kurzeme pocket allowed 130 thousand residents of Latvia to cross by boat to neighboring countries.

At the Yalta Conference in January 1945, the borders of the USSR were fixed as of June 1941. Thus, the great powers recognized the inclusion of the Baltic states into the USSR.

Latvia as part of the USSR (1944-1991)

After the war, the Sovietization of Latvia continued. In March 1949, another mass deportation of the population to the northern regions of the USSR was carried out. Despite this, small groups of partisans - “forest brothers” - operated on the territory of Latvia even before 1956.

In the 60s - 80s, Latvia developed as part of the USSR, becoming a kind of exemplary Soviet republic. Well-known enterprises operate here - VEF, Radiotekhnika, RAF, Laima, and others. Thanks to their merits in the construction of socialism, many party leaders of Soviet Latvia were promoted to leadership positions in Moscow, among them member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee A.Ya. Pelshe, head of the KGB Pugo B.K. and etc.

During its time as part of the USSR, many people from other republics of the Soviet Union came to work in Latvia - the share of the Latvian population decreased from 75% in 1935 to approximately 53% in the 70s.

Restoring independence

Perestroika, launched by M. Gorbachev in 1987, gave rise to various political movements. The first congress of the Popular Front took place in Latvia in October 1988. The Popular Front, both in Latvia and in the rest of the USSR, was perceived not as a nationalist, but primarily as a democratic, anti-totalitarian movement, and therefore representatives of the Russian population actively participated in its activities, and was actively supported by Russian democrats. The Popular Front program stated that in an independent Latvian state, citizenship would be granted to all its residents (the so-called “zero option”).

On August 24, 1991, after the failure of the putsch, Russian President B. Yeltsin signed a decree recognizing the independence of the three Baltic republics. Unfortunately, when the leaders of the Popular Front came to power and Latvia regained its independence, the situation began to change dramatically. A citizenship law was passed, stipulating that only citizens of Latvia in June 1940 and their direct descendants could count on automatic citizenship in the new Latvia. Recent comrades-in-arms in the fight against totalitarianism have come to be seen as the fifth column of Moscow, who still have to prove their trustworthiness by going through the naturalization procedure. The refusal of promises (which many NFL leaders considered just a “tactical maneuver”) became one of the reasons for the split of the country’s population into two communities.

Modern Latvia (since Aug. 1991)

In the years following the restoration of independence, Latvia has carried out serious economic reforms, introduced its own currency (lats) in 1993, carried out privatization and returned property to the previous owners (restitution). The economy is growing steadily at 5-7% per year.

A course was also taken to escape the influence of Russia and integrate with European structures. In February 1993, Latvia introduced a visa regime with Russia, and in 1995, the last units of the Russian army left the country. Since 2004, Latvia has been a member of NATO and the European Union.

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Description of the country

Latvia is located between Lithuania and Estonia on the Baltic Sea coast. In the summer, the western coast of the country becomes the main holiday destination for Latvians, as well as numerous tourists from Europe and other parts of the world. Some health centers are also located here, where you can strengthen your body with the help of water procedures and a therapeutic microclimate. During the rest of the year, Latvia invites vacationers to explore the country's historical sights, including castles and palaces, churches and cathedrals, as well as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe - Riga. There are tourist sites here that will interest anyone. If you want to enjoy nature, there is the calm Gulf of Riga, the open Baltic Sea, natural parks, fast rivers, and lakes, on the banks of which extensive forests have been preserved. For tourists interested in history, medieval castles and ancient Latvian culture are of interest. If you want to combine entertainment with gaining new knowledge, you can visit Old Riga, where you will find not only wonderful architectural monuments, but also a wide variety of clubs and taverns. Latvia has beautiful churches - both ancient and modern. We offer extensive opportunities for wellness and active recreation. And, of course, when traveling to Latvia, do not forget to take an interest in the events that are planned for this time! You can enjoy both traditional Latvian holidays and a wide variety of cultural and entertainment events that continue all year round.

Geography

The Republic of Latvia is located on the shores of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. The proximity of the Atlantic Ocean has a great influence on the climate of the republic. Latvia, in comparison with other Baltic republics, has a more advantageous position in relation to the sea; it is “the most maritime republic”. It borders with Estonia in the north, Russia in the east, and Belarus and Lithuania in the south. The territory occupies 64,500 square meters. km. The capital of Latvia is Riga. Other large cities: Daugavpils, Liepaja, Ventspils. Administratively, Latvia is divided into 26 districts (counties). The main rivers are Daugava, Gauja, Lielupe.

Time

It lags behind Moscow by 1 hour.

Climate

The climate of Latvia is very similar to the climate of other Baltic states, i.e. The country is divided into several climatic zones. In coastal areas, the weather is strongly related to the sea. There are not very cold winters and not very hot summers. In wooded areas far from the sea in winter, the air temperature differs in the negative direction from the temperature on the coast by several degrees. In a word, the climate can be characterized as mild, transitional from maritime to continental, with a clear predominance of marine air masses and a high frequency of cyclones. In winter, there are a large number of clouds, frequent precipitation, and increased wind. Winter in Latvia sets in at the beginning of December in Eastern Latvia and in mid-December in Western and Central Latvia. The average January temperature is -3 degrees on the coast and -7 in Eastern Latvia. The frost-free period lasts approximately 212 days. The average temperature of the warmest month (July) is 17 degrees. Summer is often rainy. Monthly precipitation averages 80 mm. The average annual precipitation is 649 mm.

Language

The national and state language, of course, is Latvian, but Russian is widely spoken almost everywhere. In every corner of Latvia, people are hospitable and friendly. The main religions are Lutheranism, Orthodoxy and Catholicism.

Religion

There is no state religion in Latvia, but the predominant number of believers are Lutherans, although Catholicism is widespread in the east. There are also large communities of Orthodox and Old Believers in the country. In general, society is tolerant of various religious movements, and the church does not have a significant influence on public life.

Population

As of 2009, the population of Latvia is 2,261,300 people, of which about 70% live in cities and the remaining 30% in rural areas. According to the national composition, the population is divided into Latvians - about 60%, Russians - about 30%, Belarusians - slightly less than 4%, Ukrainians - about 2.5% and other nationalities.

Electricity

Mains voltage - 220V, 50 Hz. European type two-pin plugs are used.

Emergency numbers

International code of Latvia - 371
In case of fire - 01
Police - 02
Ambulance - 03
Help desk in Russian - 118 or 777-07-77

Connection

The communication system is quite modern and rapidly developing. Lattelecom street payphones use telephone cards (as well as prepaid cards for cellular services, sold in magazine kiosks, cost 2, 3 and 5 Ls), as well as credit cards. Telephone numbers in the capital are clearly divided by cost, depending on the first digit of the number - regular city numbers start at 7 (payment per minute, 1-2 centimes per minute), at 8 - free phones (the call is paid by the party receiving the call - taxi companies, services rescue, etc.), on 9 and 6 - mobile phones (a call from a regular phone to a mobile phone is significantly more expensive than a citywide one - 0.15-0.25 lats per minute), as well as various service and charitable organizations that automatically deduct a certain amount from the account caller (numbers start with 909, call cost is about 1 lat per minute or the specific tariff of the organization that owns the number). To call Latvia, dial 8 - dial tone - 10 - 371 - city code - number of the called subscriber.

Currency exchange

Banks are usually open from Monday to Friday from 9.00 to 16.00-16.30, some large banks are open until 17.00-19.00, and also on Saturdays from 9.00 to 12.30. The exchange of lats for other currencies and back is free and widespread - currency can be exchanged in banks or exchange offices ("Valutas Maina") in hotels, post offices and train stations. The amount of currency exchange is not limited and is carried out without presenting any documents. Traveler's checks are only accepted at banks in major tourist areas. Outside their limits, their use is almost impossible. Almost all hotels, restaurants and large stores in Latvia accept credit cards. ATMs are also quite widespread.

Visa

Citizens of Russia and the CIS require a visa to enter Latvia. Latvia is a member of the countries participating in the Schengen Agreement. Persons who have valid Schengen visas in their passports can freely enter the country by any means of transport.
Visa validity periods
The validity period of a single or double entry visa can be up to 90 days, a multiple entry visa - 180 days (the period of stay in the country cannot exceed 90 days in a six-month period). The period of stay in the country is determined in accordance with the periods specified in the invitation or confirmation of hotel reservation.
Visa processing times
A tourist visa is issued within 7 - 10 days. Emergency visas, international road carrier visas and visas issued under international treaties can be obtained urgently. The period for obtaining a transit visa usually does not exceed 24 hours, however, if additional verification or other approvals from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Latvia are necessary, this period may be increased, so it is recommended to issue visas at least a week before departure.

Customs regulations

Duty-free import is allowed: 200 cigarettes. or tobacco 250 g, strong drinks 1 liter, wine 2 liters, beer 5 liters, personal items within reasonable limits. When exporting, weapons and ammunition, medicines and drugs, poisons, animals and animal products, plants and crop products, and hunting trophies are subject to mandatory control. The import and export of national and foreign currency is not limited. A vaccination certificate is not required upon entry. When importing pets, you must present a veterinary certificate with a note on vaccination against rabies.

Holidays and non-working days

January 1 - New Year
March 25 - Day of Remembrance for Victims of Communist Terror
May 1 - Spring Festival, Convocation Day of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia
May 4 - Day of Proclamation of Independence of Latvia
May 8 - Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Second World War
June 14 - Day of Remembrance for Victims of Communist Terror
June 23-24 - Jan's Day (summer solstice)
July 4 - Jewish Genocide Remembrance Day
August 11 - Day of Remembrance of Latvian Freedom Fighters
September 22 - Baltic Unity Day
November 11 - Lachplesis Day (Day of Remembrance of Fallen Heroes)
November 18 - Day of Proclamation of the Republic of Latvia
December 25 - Christmas

Transport

There are trams, trolleybuses, buses, and minibuses running around Riga. There is no metro. The fare for all types of transport (including minibuses) is the same - 20 centimes (sometimes 25). Payment upon entry at the conductor. After 23:00, transport runs extremely rarely; on some routes, duty buses or trams run all night (once an hour). The cost of travel by minibus after 22:00 is twice as high as during the day. The cost of a trip in public transport in Riga is Ls20 (about 9-10 rubles), in a taxi - Ls30 per 1 km. A trip of 3-4 km will cost 60-80 rubles. The tariffs of all taxi companies are the same, taxis are located everywhere, they are waiting for you with open arms and work according to the meter, they can even write a check (if you ask). A taxi can also be called by phone, and the call does not cost separately, and the car arrives within 5-10 minutes. In Riga it is not customary to catch "private traders". They exist, but are not so common, and will cost you slightly less than a taxi. When stopping a taxi, it is not customary to ask “whether you go or not” and immediately agree on the price (unless we are talking about some place exactly known to both). You sit down, name your place, and the taxi driver turns on the meter. Daily fare (06:00-24:00) - 0.40 Ls per landing and 30 Ls per kilometer (you can get from the center to the outskirts for 4-10 Ls). Night - about one and a half times more expensive - 0.60 Ls per landing and 0.40 per kilometer.

Tips

Typically, tips are already included in the bill.

The shops

Shops are open from 10.00 to 19.00 on weekdays, on Saturdays from 10.00 to 16.00, grocery stores and supermarkets are usually open from 8.00 to 19.00. There are many grocery stores in Riga that are open 24 hours a day. There is a wide range of accommodation options in Latvia, from five-star hotels to campsites and youth hostels. A percentage for service in restaurants is usually already included in the bill; in any case, you can leave a 5-10% tip for the waiter; tips for taxi drivers and hotel employees are also a sign of good manners.

National cuisine

Latvian cuisine, while simple, is distinguished by its richness and good taste. Latvian culinary traditions are based on the recipes of the Baltic peoples, using elements of German, Polish, Belarusian and Scandinavian cuisines. Numerous dishes include potatoes and fish, especially Baltic salmon and lamprey, as well as cod liver and smelt, eel and herring, smoked flounder, eggs stuffed with fish, “siltyupudiņš” - herring casserole, served with boiled potatoes, caviar pike and potatoes baked with cheese. Legumes and all kinds of vegetables are also widely used, from which many salads are prepared. Various soups are known - from spinach and sorrel, from cabbage, from vegetables, there is even soup from berries and fruits. The vessels can be classified as “aukshta zupa”, cold beetroot soup. Among the meat dishes, noteworthy are “klopps”, steak cooked in onion sauce and “peasant breakfast”, prepared from fried meat products baked in eggs, the so-called original “cheese”, which is prepared from a pig’s head, lamb cooked in caraway sauce and much more. Latvians give a clear preference to natural meat over minced meat. Many dishes are formed by an incredible combination of different products, for example, “buberte”, semolina porridge with whipped egg whites, beer soup with dried fruits, or, for example, jelly made from black bread. The famous Alexander cake is filled with raspberries or cranberries. There is also sweet soup with cherry dumplings, puff pastries baked from rye bread and many other original bakery and confectionery products.

Attractions and resorts

Riga- the main attraction of this country. The capital was founded in 1201 by the knights of the Livonian Order, although people have lived in these parts since the early Neolithic. A city of rich history and culture, a true open-air architectural monument, a center of folk music and a venue for hundreds of fairs and festivals, Riga is rightfully included in the list of one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. The main attraction of Riga is the small district of Vekriga ("Old Riga") with dozens of old buildings, among which the most interesting are the buildings of the Small and Large Guilds (19th century) with luxurious paintings, the "Cat House" (1910) with figures of two cats on spiers of towers, the palace of Peter the Great, the last bastion of the old city fortress wall - Pulvertornis (Powder Tower, XIII century), buildings of the Yakovlev barracks (XVIII century), Zviedru Varti (Swedish Gate, 1689) in the Ramera Tower, Church of St. Jacob (XIII century), residence of the President of the Republic of Latvia - Rigas Pils (Riga Castle, 1330), famous buildings Tris Brali (Three Brothers, XV-XVIII centuries)
Near Lielupe The summer residence of the Russian Ambassador to Latvia and the ultra-modern von Gerkan House are of interest. In Bouldry there is an Arboretum and many old houses. IN Dzintari - Maksimovic's wooden bathhouse (1906), residential buildings of original architecture on Dzintaru Avenue and the famous Dzintari concert hall (1936). In Maiori there is the von Fricks estate and the picturesque Juras Street with old houses. In Dubulti, it is worth visiting the Marienbad sanatorium, the Lutheran church, the gymnasium (1909) and the bank building (1911) of original architecture. Jaundubulti is known as the place of work of the poet and playwright Janis Rainis; now there is a museum-dacha dedicated to his work. In Melluzi there is a residential building in the romantic style on Strelnieku Avenue, a house in the Art Nouveau style on Pukyu Street and a one-story “family house” on Melluzu Avenue. Asari is famous for its strawberries, as well as the colorful old houses on Ariyas and Melluju streets. In Kemeri, the picturesque park (19th century), the White House (Kemeri Hotel, 1936) and the Lutheran Church (1897) are interesting. And, of course, amber, beaches, rehabilitation centers, excursions, etc. Jurmala borders the Kemeri National Park, so ecotourism is becoming increasingly widespread here.
Jurmala. The city is located on the shores of the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The length along the coast is 30 km. The coast of the Gulf of Riga is a climatically remarkable area with medicinal properties. The climate is coastal with moderately warm summers (average July temperature +16) and mild winters (January temperature -4). Main healing factors: favorable natural and climatic conditions (sea, magnificent beaches, dunes, rich vegetation); sodium chloride mineral waters used for drinking and bathing; peat and sapropel mud. All this creates excellent conditions for relaxation. Jurmala seems to be sandwiched between the southwestern coast of the Gulf of Riga and the left bank of the Lielupe River. The seaside dunes offer a sweeping panorama of the horseshoe-shaped coastline. Here is one of the best beaches in Latvia. Its width is 50-100 meters, length - several tens of kilometers. The beach gently slopes under the water. The water temperature in summer is 18-20 C. On sunny, calm days it can rise to 24 C, and on windy days it can just as quickly drop to 16 C. In addition, the proximity of the resort to Riga (the first station of the resort "Priedaine" is located 14 km from Riga, the closing one is Kemeri, 44 km away) creates excellent opportunities for excursions with visits to the Dome Cathedral, the Order Castle and other attractions. Excursions are organized to the city of Sigulda ("Latvian Switzerland") with visits to the Gauja National Park and Turaida Castle, the cities of Cesis and Jelgava.
Karosta- the northern suburb of Liepaja, which is a landmark in itself. The path to the city passes through two bridges: the first - through a canal connecting nearby Lake Liepaja and the Baltic Sea, the second - through the Karosta Canal, cutting several kilometers inland. Previously, the docks of the Soviet Baltic Fleet operated in the bowels of the canal, and the route to these places was closed. Today Karosta attracts tourists with its impressive St. Nicholas Cathedral (1901), Northern Forts and other historical monuments.
Just north of the Karosta district there is another interesting object - Northern forts. After its construction at the beginning of the 20th century, this chain of coastal fortifications performed its functions for only a few years. In 1908, on the orders of the Russian Tsar, they were blown up on the occasion of a peace treaty with Germany. And what kind of strange era befell Russia in this very 20th century? Just 6 years later, Russia and Germany again became mortal enemies, the destruction of the forts only weakened the country’s position, and a few years later Tsarist Russia itself ceased to exist.
Sigulda- one of the most picturesque cities in Latvia, located just an hour's drive from Riga in the Gauja National Park. This region of Latvia is often called Latvian Switzerland - for the exceptional beauty of the local landscape. You will see the romantic 12th century Turaida fortress (Garden of the Gods), Dine Hill, and the Folk Song Park. On Church Hill, the guide will tell you the most beautiful and tragic Latvian legend of love - the Rose of Turaida. Gutman's Cave, where a healing spring flows. Optional sleigh ride on a bobsleigh track with artificial ice in Sigulda. The Sigulda track is recognized by world bobsleigh masters as one of the fastest and most reliable in the world. At the end of the excursion, you can try national dishes in the village cafe.