UK map with industrial cities. Where is England
What is the difference between England and Great Britain, the payment of the Lords from the House of Commons, and Prince Harry from Princess Beatrice, you will learn from this article.
Most of us use the words "England" and "Great Britain" as identical concepts, without going into the legal meaning of these concepts. Meanwhile, as they say in Odessa, these are “two big differences”, two completely different territories.
England- a territory on the island of Great Britain, its largest administrative unit. The name "England" goes back to the name of one of the Germanic tribes (Angles) who once inhabited this historical region.
Scottish man in traditional dress
In the era of medieval fragmentation of Europe, England was an independent kingdom, whose possessions either increased or decreased depending on the military successes of local rulers.
Great Britain- this is the name of the largest island of the British archipelago, on which, in addition to England, there are two more independent territories that were previously independent states: Wales and Scotland.
Henry VIII - one of the most famous rulers of medieval England Country England or UK?
The country that we call either England or Great Britain is officially called The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Therefore, strictly speaking, both names are erroneous.
The possessions of the United Kingdom: the island of Great Britain, the north of the island of Ireland, as well as many small islands and archipelagos around the world, such as Gibraltar, Bermuda, the Falklands and the Cayman Islands.
Tower Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in the UK. In Russia, this cumbersome name is often shortened to "Great Britain". In Europe, the abbreviation UK is almost always used for abbreviation (from "united kingdom" - United Kingdom).
Dress uniform of the Royal Guards of Great Britain United Kingdom of Great Britain: general information
What continent is the UK in?
Great Britain, not counting the small islands, is located in the British Archipelago, in the North-Western part of Europe. This region is often called Foggy Albion because of the abundance of rain, dampness and endless fog that cyclones bring from the Atlantic.
The warm waters of the Gulf Stream moderate the climate a little: there are no too cold winters here (with the exception of the highlands of Scotland and Wales), and in summer the average temperature is around 20 C warm.
Rain and fog are common in England Capital of England and Great Britain
London is the capital of Great Britain, it is also the capital of the administrative region of England. This is the largest city of the kingdom, its cultural and economic center. London is also one of the global financial centers of the world.
World-class economic institutions are concentrated here, the main financial flows of the largest transnational corporations and currency centers of smaller states pass through London.
London is the capital of England and Great Britain London was founded by the Romans as the capital of the Roman province of Britain, located in the British Isles. The first mention of London is found in 117 by the Roman historian Tacitus - at that time the city had existed for more than 50 years.
London has occupied its leading position among other capitals since the Middle Ages. In terms of influence on world politics, few of the cities of the Old World can compete with the center of the British Empire.
In the 20th century, London also gained fame as one of the world's main centers of fashion and youth subculture. It is to London that we owe the appearance of dandy and casual styles, rock musicians and the Beatles.
The Beatles are Britain's most famous rock band. Great Britain on the world map
Today, the United Kingdom occupies a modest 78th place in the world in terms of territory. It accounts for only 2% of the earth's surface. We can say that the UK is just a small spot on the world map. But it was not always so.
At its peak, the British Empire literally owned a quarter of the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, Great Britain was the largest state that ever existed on the planet (its record has not been broken so far).
Former British colonies on the world map In addition to the crown territories in the British Isles, Great Britain belonged to: Canada, Australia, half of the African continent, India, Oman, Iraq, Honduras, Bermuda and the Bahamas, Malaysia, Burma, New Zealand, New Guinea, Cyprus and other smaller territories. The United States was also a territory of the British Crown until its war of independence in 1776.
Contemporaries said that the sun never sets on the British Empire. In fairness, it should be noted that the colonial policy of Great Britain did not bode well for the conquered territories. In the history of the British Empire, there were many bloody wars and the most brutal punitive operations in the controlled territories.
Modern territory of Great Britain on the map of Europe UK map in Russian
Detailed maps of Great Britain, including a map of attractions, road and railways, administrative division and many others you can see. All maps are available for download.
The political structure of Great Britain
Who is the head of state in the UK?
The UK has a rather complex and confusing system of government. In addition to the monarch, there are such governing bodies of the country as the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the Cabinet of Ministers and the Prime Minister.
British Parliament building in London UK House of Commons
The main task of the House of Commons is to represent the interests of all classes of the population in the adoption of laws in the state. Members of the House of Commons are elected by voting in administrative districts UK for 5 years. It is the lowest rung of the UK legislature.
UK House of Lords
The House of Lords represents the interests of the highest aristocracy and clergy in Great Britain. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the House of Lords had the right to reject any bill proposed by the House of Commons, if it considered that this bill infringes on the interests of the nobility.
UK House of Commons At present, the Lords can only delay such laws for periods ranging from one month to a year. The duties of members of the House of Lords also include the consideration of judicial appeals.
The seat in the House of Lords is hereditary (with the exception of representatives of the Church, where the members of the Palana of Lords are appointed by the Council of Bishops), and this is one of the most archaic bodies of government in Europe. Members of the House of Lords, unlike the House of Commons, do not receive a fixed salary for attending meetings and are not required to attend every meeting.
UK House of Lords UK Parliament
The Commons Board and the House of Lords are collectively referred to as the British Parliament. If necessary, the monarch can dissolve parliament and announce early elections, or vice versa extend its powers.
Cabinet of Ministers
The Cabinet of Ministers is the highest governing body of the country. Members of the cabinet of ministers head various state structures (departments or ministries). Ministers are appointed from among the representatives of Parliament, their duties include leading ministries, as well as consulting with the monarch on important decisions. The British Cabinet is subordinate to the Parliament.
UK Cabinet Office 2012 British Prime Minister
The Prime Minister of Great Britain is the most important official in the country after the monarch. He heads the government certain issues can act on behalf of the monarch. The candidate for the post of prime minister is approved by the king or queen from among the most influential members of Parliament.
Kings and Queens of Great Britain
The UK is one of the oldest monarchies in the world. The highest head in the country is the monarch (king or queen), the throne is transferred by majority inheritance (that is, the eldest in the family).
Throne room at Buckingham Palace in the UK Despite the fact that outwardly the members of the royal house of Great Britain perform purely representative and ceremonial functions, the monarch in Great Britain has very real power.
The King or Queen of Great Britain can dissolve the government, assign the title of Lord to citizens of non-noble origin to enter the House of Lords, approve bills, appoint ministers and pardon criminals.
Queen Elizabeth II on the throne Conservative Party of Great Britain
The Conservative Party of Great Britain (Tory Party) is the oldest political party in Europe, which originated in the 17th century. The party traditionally represents the interests of the nobility, the clergy and the bourgeoisie.
Historically, this is the most influential political force in the kingdom, which invariably holds the majority of seats in Parliament. The most brilliant prime ministers in recent British history have belonged to the Conservatives: Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and David Cameron.
The current British Prime Minister, Theresa May, is also a member of the Conservative Party.
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is one of the oldest reigning monarchs in the world. She took the throne from her father George VI in 1952, the second year, and has been in power for more than 60 years (in 2016, Elizabeth II turned 90 years old). According to most Britons, Elizabeth is an example of an impeccable ruler who has not tarnished her royal title in any way.
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain Despite belonging to the weaker sex, Elizabeth II is famous for her iron character, and will give odds to many men. Some interesting facts from her biography:
At the age of 18, Elizabeth persuaded her father to let her go to the active army and in 1944 she took courses as drivers-mechanics, after which she entered the military service in the women's self-defense squad and served for about six months until the end of World War II. She is the only lady in the royal family who has taken part in hostilities.
Queen Elizabeth II as a child Elizabeth fell in love with her future husband, Prince Philip, as a child. Philip is the heir to the impoverished Greek monarchy, whose representatives were forced to flee their own country after being exiled. Philip's candidacy did not suit Elizabeth's parents and the ruling elite of Great Britain at all, but the princess managed to get consent to the marriage. Moreover, she herself offered him a hand and a heart, without waiting for reciprocal signs of attention.
Queen Elizabeth II with her future husband Prince Philip Elizabeth bought the fabric for her wedding dress with discount coupon cards. In 1947, the British economy had not yet had time to recover from the war, and Elizabeth considered it indecent to spend the kingdom's treasury on magnificent celebrations.
Queen Elizabeth II after her coronation Even at the age of 90, Elizabeth still personally holds all the most important meetings in the state and, as the supreme commander, inspects all the military installations of the kingdom. The heir apparent Prince Charles, she does not trust any of these matters.
Queen Elizabeth II with her son The steel character of the queen does not prevent her from having small human weaknesses.
Elizabeth II is considered a trendsetter and a great lover of hats. She wears bright colors regardless of her age, but never crosses the boundaries of strict classics.
Queen Elizabeth II and one of her hats According to protocol, the queen cannot appear at official events in the same outfit twice. Each of her toilets is entered in a huge catalog, has its own serial number and is accompanied by a record: where, when and under what circumstances she put it on - this avoids repetition and embarrassment.
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and her outfits The queen is supposed to be the standard of courtesy, but the number of meetings and audiences is so great that it takes too much effort. Elizabeth II has several secret signs by which the courtiers must understand that it is time to end the event. For example, if Elizabeth twists the ring on her finger, the conversation must be completed within the next 5 minutes.
Queen Elizabeth II and her handbag In her busy schedule, Elizabeth II makes sure to set aside time to watch her favorite series and TV shows. She is known to be a fan of the English version of "X-Factor", as well as several series, including "Game of Thrones".
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain. Something went wrong. Once a year, Elizabeth takes an extended vacation and retires to a castle in Scotland, where she spends most of her time reading books and walking. In the same place, Elizabeth takes a warm bath every day for several hours, in which, according to the assurances of the courtiers, she cannot do without a small rubber duck, presented to her as a child.
Queen Elizabeth II on vacation Other representatives of the royal house of Great Britain
Elizabeth II belongs to the royal branch of the Windsors, whose descendants in modern Britain are quite a lot. The British are very sensitive to the institution of the monarchy, among the members of the royal family they have their favorites and scandalous persons, whose name is on everyone's lips.
Members of the British Royal Family Princess Diana
Diana Spencer (or Lady Dee) is consistently ranked in the top 10 greatest Britons in national polls. The first wife of Prince Charles (son of Elizabeth II) won the true sincere love of her subjects and millions of people around the world.
She is often called the "Queen of Hearts" for her great contributions to charity, as well as boundless personal charm, modesty and simplicity.
Princess Diana with sons According to rumors, Elizabeth II really disliked her daughter-in-law for her popularity among the people (at times she overshadowed the queen herself).
In 1997, Lady Dee suddenly died in a car accident, which still causes a lot of rumors and suspicions: there is a version that members of the ruling family set up the disaster. But even after her death, Princess Diana remains the queen of people's hearts.
Princess Diana (Lady Di) Prince William and Kate Middleton
Prince William is the grandson of Elizabeth II, the son of Princess Diana and Prince Charles. William inherited many features from his mother (he is also charming, does a lot of charity work), and in recent years he has been rapidly overtaking his grandmother in terms of the degree of adoration of his loyal subjects. He serves as a helicopter pilot for the English medical service and takes part in rescue operations.
Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton Kate Middleton comes from a simple family. With her future husband, Prince William, she met while studying at the university. Shy Kate demeanor is very reminiscent of the British Diana. They admire her attitude towards children, impeccable manners, but most of all, the audience is touched by the romantic story of Kate and William, which is very reminiscent of the fairy tale about Cinderella.
William and Kate with children Prince Harry
The youngest son of Diana and Prince Charles causes mixed feelings among the British. On the one hand, he does not differ in impeccable behavior, but on the other hand, he is such a cutie that the citizens of Great Britain forgive him everything. In addition, his antics are caused more by curiosity and youthful carelessness than by a spoiled temper.
Prince Harry The loudest "exploits" of Prince Harry: boundless amorousness (photos of Harry with cute young ladies regularly get into the press), hussar antics and merry partying. But there are also serious achievements: Prince Harry took part in the fighting in Afghanistan as an ordinary pilot, and put his life in danger on an equal basis with others without any concessions.
Prince Harry with his partner while serving in Afghanistan Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie
Sisters Beatrice and Eugenie are granddaughters of Queen Elizabeth II, daughters of her second son, Prince Andrew. Unlike William and Harry, the girls cannot boast of an ideal reputation in the eyes of others, or even relative charm.
Princess Beatrice The elder Beatrice is often criticized by residents of the UK for being too extravagant and not always in accordance with the protocol. She also gets it for being too curvaceous and an idle lifestyle (in the UK, belonging to the royal house does not at all mean the right to idleness). Otherwise, Beatrice manages to keep within the bounds of decency.
Princess Eugenie Younger Evgenia is a real headache for her family. The girl regularly excites the British public with her antics and another batch of paparazzi photos: drunken dances, cigarettes and indecent antics are the main thing that Evgenia is famous for.
Video. Interesting facts about Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is commonly referred to as the United Kingdom. Great Britain is a great power, heir to the largest British Empire in history, ruled by Elizabeth II.
Great Britain on the world map
Geography
It is an island state in the British Isles, in the northwest of Europe. Includes the island of Great Britain, northeast eastern part Ireland and many small islands and archipelagos. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel with the English Channel. There are many rivers and lakes on the territory of the country that feed the country and flow into the ocean and seas. If you decide to settle here for a long time, we recommend British citizenship and then your stay in this country will be more comfortable.
Administrative division
England - 39 counties and 7 city-counties, the central city is London;
Scotland is 12 regions, the center of Edinburgh;
Wales - 9 counties, 13 city-counties, the center of Cardiff;
Northern Ireland consists of 26 counties, the center is Belfast.
The area of the country is 244,840 sq. km. About 91 million people live on it, the indigenous people are the British, Irish, Scots, Welsh, the official language is English. There are currently 17 territories under British control.
UK map in Russian
Climate
The UK has a temperate continental climate, with warm winters and cool summers. Temperature ranges from -10°C to +30°C. In the highlands of Wales and Scotland, temperatures drop lower than in the rest of the country. The type of climate is marine - strong winds blow throughout the territory, especially in winter and spring.
Tourism
Ancient history This distinctive country attracts tourists from all over the world. The first settlers were the Romans, who founded many large cities, including London. Some architectural monuments of the 1st millennium BC have been preserved on the territory of the country.
To admire the nature of England, you can visit the countless gardens of Kent. Aristocratic castles amaze with their beauty and grandeur, and parks with their exquisite magnificence. An interesting custom is to celebrate the wedding in the magnificent castles of Great Britain.
The lake in Scotland - Loch Ness, strikes with its unforgettable and virgin beauty. According to legend, the semi-mythical monster Nessie lives in its depths.
There are a lot of beautiful cities in the country, they contain monuments of culture and architecture, museums, sculptures and monuments.
The most wonderful and majestic city is London, its wonderful sights and beautiful old architecture can be studied endlessly. Photo materials used from Wikimedia © Foto, Wikimedia Commons
Great Britain - small but incredible attractive kingdom, where tourists from all over the world come to get to know the architectural, cultural and natural attractions of this country, which has left its bright mark on world history.
Once upon a time, Shakespeare was born here, the Beatles arose, the legendary Baker Street appeared and the best universities in the world – Cambridge and Oxford – were opened.
Great Britain on the map of the world and Europe
Great Britain occupies a very vast territory of the British archipelago, and the full name of this country sounds like United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The Commonwealth includes several regions located close to each other.
Where is?
If you look at the map of Europe large, then on it the UK can be found northwest of the continent. The country is spread over two large islands with a total length of 244,100 sq. km. The largest island is called Great Britain, and on it are:
- England;
- Wales;
- Scotland.
Relief
Traveling around the kingdom, many note that Great Britain has diverse landscape, which replaces each other along the way. In just an hour, the plain can be replaced by high hills, and they will be followed by picturesque ones. At the same time, the relief of all countries that make up the UK is very diverse and dissimilar.
The southern half of England is located on the plains, but in places there are hills and uplands. In this part of the country are the famous Dartmoor Hills, towering at an altitude of about 610 meters above sea level. In the eastern part of the island there is a swampy lowland, which was drained for agriculture.
In the north of England revenge is mountainous. Here are the Pennines, which stretch for 350 kilometers.
The "Backbone of England", as the people of the country affectionately call it, separates the northwestern part of the kingdom from Yorkshire.
The highest point of the ridge is Mount Scafell Pike, whose height reaches 2,178 meters.
Scotland considered the most mountainous region, since more than half of its terrain is indented by the Grampian Mountains, located in the Highlands region. Only a tenth of the country is occupied by flat terrain, where the largest part of the population lives.
Landscape Wales similar to the relief of Scotland - it is also mountainous. The Cambrian Mountains are located in the center of the country, and the Snowdon Massif is in the northwest.
Northern Ireland has a flat relief, and in the very center of the country there is a deep lake Lough Nee. The most high point this region - Slieve Donard (862 meters).
Nature
The coast of Great Britain is washed by two seas - Irish in the West, Northern in the east, and Atlantic Ocean in the South-West. There are many rivers and lakes on the territory of the country, among which the most famous Thames in London. It is the longest river in the country, and its length is 338 km.
In addition to it, in the country the most important navigable water channels are:
- severn;
- Yew;
- Secrets;
- Tweed.
Many lakes are located in Scotland, for example, the famous Loch Ness and Loch Lomond.
In prehistoric times, Great Britain could boast of luxurious nature. Here were incredibly dense forests, which were dominated by oaks, lindens, birches and beech. But by the end of the 20th century, due to human activities, most of the forests were destroyed, and the swamps were drained. Larch, fir and spruce were brought here and this greatly influenced the change in the flora and fauna of the country.
Today, the forest in Great Britain occupies only a tenth of the kingdom, and most of the trees have survived on the mountain slopes, in river valleys or in the south of the country. But, despite this, one gets the impression that when you get to the UK, you find yourself in green region. This is happening as places that have been hit hard by industrialization are being reforested, green fencing is found everywhere, and sanctuaries are being formed.
Animal world Great Britain is rich and varied. It is difficult to name birds and animals that are not here. In the forests there are hares, foxes, wolves and wild boars, as well as otters, raccoons and ermines.
Climate
The UK has a strong name "Foggy Albion", which perfectly characterizes the country's climate - humid and temperate. The weather here is changeable: the morning may turn out to be clear and warm, and in the evening the sky will be covered with clouds and prolonged rain will fall. This climate contributes to the occurrence of fog, which is not uncommon here.
In general, the UK climate is characterized by warm and wet summer And mild winter.
These features are associated with the warm Pacific Gulf Stream, as well as proximity to the sea and high-altitude air jets.
Scotland
This country is second major region Great Britain located on the British Isle. It occupies the northern part of the island, and its territory accounts for about a third of all land.
The country also includes the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands.
Scotland has land borders with England in the south of Great Britain, and water borders with a number of European countries:
- In the West with Ireland;
- In the north with and Ireland;
- in the east with Norway.
The coast of Scotland is washed North Sea in the east and Atlantic Ocean in the west of the country.
Scotland harsh climate, so not many people live here - about 5.2 million people who speak Scottish and English.
There are 9 regions and 32 regions in Scotland. The capital of country - Edinburgh, and other major cities are Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness and Dundee.
The country is known throughout the world for its traditions, luxurious nature, especially mountains and lakes, as well as the stunning architecture of local ancient castles, which are more than one thousand years old.
Wales
Wales - the smallest region Great Britain, located on the British Isle and occupying its eastern part. Only about 2.9 million people live in this country in an area of 20,776 square meters. km divided into 22 regions. It also includes the island of Anglesey, located in the southwest of England.
Wales has land borders with England in the east, and water - through the Bristol Bay on South. Also, the water borders across the Strait of St. George separate Wales and Ireland. The north of the country is washed by the Irish Sea.
The capital of Wales, Cardiff, is a city inhabited by the ancestors of the Celts, so you can often hear the Welsh language here.
Other major cities in the region include Swansea And newport.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is located apart from England, Scotland and Wales, since this country is located on a separate island in the northwest of the UK. The country is divided into 6 counties and 26 districts. Belfast is considered the largest city and, accordingly, the capital.
Scotland is closest to Ireland - it is located in the east, or rather on the other side of the North Channel.
The country also borders on the south and west with Ireland. The water borders of the country are in the southeast with by the Irish Sea, and in the southwest with Atlantic Ocean.
This country is home to about 1.9 million people, among which the indigenous inhabitants of the island are only 500 thousand people, and the rest are Anglo-Irish and Scotch-Irish - people belonging to different religions. On the basis of this, conflicts constantly flared up in Northern Ireland, but in the last ten years they have almost subsided.
Detailed UK map with cities
Great Britain is interesting not only for its sights, but also for the many large and small cities scattered across its territory. The largest cities are marked with the status "City", which grants no privileges other than prestige.
London
London is not only the capital of England, but also of the whole of Great Britain, and it has been fulfilling this role for two thousand years. From a small settlement, it has become largest metropolis(by the standards of Europe), first being the main city of Roman Britain, then England and finally Great Britain.
It plays an important role in the politics, economy and culture of Great Britain and is the most important financial and political center of Europe.
Here are the headquarters of such leading companies as HSBS, Barclay and Reuters, as well as the London Stock Exchange.
During a walk around the city, sights come across at every corner:
- Tower;
- Big Ben;
- Trafalgar Square;
- Buckingham Palace;
- Westminster Abbey.
Of great interest to the guests of the British capital are ancient streets located in the Westminster area, and squares that keep the history of the country.
There are two main airports in the United Kingdom near London - Heathrow And Gatwick where planes arrive from all over the world.
Belfast
Belfast is famous capital of Northern Ireland located in County Antrim. The city is located on the coast of the Irish Sea at the mouth of the Lagan River. Such a convenient location is very good for the country, since here is the largest seaport and numerous shipbuilding enterprises, one of which was built by the infamous Titanic. The city has a well-developed oil refining and electrical industry, as well as instrument making.
Belfast, as a city, was formed only by the 19th century, and capital status received in 1921, although its territory was inhabited in the Bronze Age. Since the city received a new status, bloody skirmishes on the basis of religion began to take place in it. Here, Catholics and Protestants staged armed clashes between themselves, which were only completed in 1998.
Today Belfast is a large city with a population of about 600 thousand people and its number is growing every year.
Tourists come here for a vast number of attractions, such as, for example, Donegall Square or sculpture "Big fish", which contains a capsule with important information about the city.
Birmingham
Birmingham is another major city in central England, located in county of the West Midlands. During the war, the city was badly damaged, many residents died and houses were destroyed, but by 1990 it was returned to its former appearance, slightly improved. Today it is home to 1.2 million people, and in terms of population it is second only to London, the capital of Great Britain.
Birmingham was known throughout the world as a developed center for handicrafts and metal forging.
In wartime, several strategically important factories producing military products appeared here. Unfortunately, all of them were destroyed due to the most severe bombardment by German aircraft.
Today, Birmingham is so famous that it attracts tourists with unusual contrasts: next to the industrial zones are the main sights of the city, and former factories are turned into art galleries. Because of this, the city incredibly in demand at tourists.
When planning a trip to the British Isle, carefully calculate your budget. Will help you on how to fly to Europe and not be penniless.
Bristol
Bristol is one of the most important cities for the UK, as well as major port in central England, with an extensive maritime history.
In fact, Bristol is located on river avon, and not on the sea, and through it has access to Bristol Bay and the Atlantic.
Because of this, throughout its history locals actively cultivated their capital through trade with the United States and the West Indies.
Today Bristol is the capital of the county of the same name, as well as a major business, cultural and educational center in the southwestern part of England. Shipbuilding, sugar production, cotton fabrics and carpets flourish here.
Bristol is the fourth most popular city in the UK, where tourists go first thing to get to know the country better. This place has lots of attractions, some of which belong to the XI century - the century of the foundation of the city. Particularly attractive seems to be Georgian architecture, which is considered a rarity for the country.
Cardiff
This city is the capital of Wales, as well as one of the main cities in the UK, with the status of "city". This status was granted to him at the beginning of the last century for the rapid growth of industry in Wales.
In an instant, Cardiff was turned into the main port of the country, from where coal was transported to other British regions. This made it possible to quickly and noticeably increase the population.
Cardiff is located on the coast of Bristol Bay near Newport. WITH west side it borders the Vale of Glamorgan, and is surrounded to the north by two other Vales of Wales, Caerphilly and Rhontha Cynon Taw.
The city itself was built on the bottom of a drained swamp - on a foundation of rock formations.
Today there are about 350 thousand people.
Despite the small size of Wales and Cardiff (by UK standards), this city has many attractions:
- Millennium Stadium;
- National Assembly for Wales;
- Llandaff Cathedral.
In the vicinity of Cardiff, there are also many attractions in Wales associated with culture And history countries.
Edinburgh
The capital of Scotland is the second most popular city that tourists prefer to visit when they are in the United Kingdom. This happens for several reasons. First of all, Edinburgh is home to many attractions, as well as a place where the biggest and most beautiful festivals countries.
Edinburgh is located on east coast Scotland and on the south coast of the Firth of Forth.
About 470 thousand people live here, which is much less than in another large city in this country - in Glasgow. The first mention of it appeared in 1170, and in the XII century Edinburgh became the capital of Scotland when King David I moved the royal court from Dunfermline to Edinburgh Castle.
Today the city is actively growing and developing. There is major university with a worldwide reputation (Edinburgh City University). There are also many government offices in the city.
Glasgow
The first largest city in Scotland and the third in the UK is located 32 km from the mouth of the river Clyde. Today there are about 1.8 million inhabitants, but their number is steadily growing, due to the fact that Glasgow is considered the largest industrial center of the country, where great achievements of the industry are constantly taking place.
In the Middle Ages, Glasgow was known as religious and educational center of Scotland, but after the Industrial Revolution, it turned into the most significant industrial region of the country, second only to London in this. The main direction of the city development program was shipbuilding.
When the growth of industry began in Glasgow, its population increased significantly. Local merchants who had made their fortune trading goods from America began equip the city. Here appeared beautiful buildings, impressive warehouses, as well as squares and lawns.
Glasgow's only problem was the most terrible slum in Europe - immoral settlements that existed here until the 20th century. The city managed to cope with this problem, in connection with which in 1990 it received the status "European Capital of Culture". Now here are the most beautiful sights, surrounded by picturesque nature.
Liverpool
The city made famous by the famous "Liverpool Four", was once just a small settlement in England in the county of Merseyside, formed in the west of the British Isle.
Due to its location, in one moment it turned from a small and dirty village into a major port, through which more than 40% of the world's trade flow was transported.
It was also convenient to trade with Ireland from here, since the island is located very close.
In 1715, the first in England opened in Liverpool. port dock, and already in 1880 it received the status of a city. Today, about 1.3 million people live here, and even more tourists come here to get acquainted with the many sights of the city, from the old palace of the XIII century to the famous bar where the famous Beatles performed.
Manchester
The city with the richest history of industrialization is the third largest popularity as a tourist destination UK and England. Manchester has always been distinguished by a fairly developed handicraft and active trade, but during the Industrial Revolution it took a leading position, turning into the textile center of Britain.
A large role in such an active development of Manchester was played by spinning machines, steam engines, proximity to coal mines and the port of Liverpool.
All this allowed the city to reach an unprecedented scale very quickly, and rich merchants to invest a lot of money on cultural development cities. Everywhere began to build galleries, public parks.
Manchester sprawled on the western slope Pennines on the banks of the River Erwell, and about 2.3 million people live on its territory. Today it is considered an important cultural, industrial and financial center of the country.
Newcastle upon Tyne
The largest city in the North East of England Greater Manchester, has long been known as a large commercial, financial and industrial center of the country.
It first arose in the small county of Tyne and Wear. For a long time Newcastle was the capital of the notorious Northumberland, and after - a center for coal mining and an important city with a population of 300 thousand people.
The importance of the city in the UK is evidenced by the presence of its own subway.
Today Newcastle is known as student center. The city is home to two well-known prestigious universities - Northumbria and Newcastle, as well as State College No. 1. More than 40 thousand students of various specialties study within the walls of the college alone.
Newcastle has its own attractions:
- Royal Theater;
- Art galleries;
- Millennium Bridge;
- St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral;
- St. Nicholas Anglican Cathedral.
There are also many in the city contemporary shopping centers , which are more here than in any other English city.
Oxford
The city, which is home to the world famous university, ranked first in the top 100 best educational institutions in the world, is located in southern England on the banks of the Thames and is the capital of Oxfordshire. About 160 thousand people live here, among which 10% are students.
The first mention of the city dates back to the 10th century, when it was taken over by King Edward I, who founded a fortress here to protect against Viking raids.
In the second half of the 12th century, a university appeared in Oxford, which gave the world 50 Nobel laureates. Few people know, but in addition to Oxford University, there are excellent colleges:
- Christ Church;
- Magdalen College.
All these ancient abode of knowledge are located in buildings with luxurious old architecture, therefore, in themselves are the main attractions of the city.
Cambridge
The city, located in the south of England near London, is the capital County of Cambridgeshire, but he received the status of "city" quite recently. To many, Cambridge is known as another place where the famous university is located, which is included in the top 5 best educational institutions in the world.
About 120 thousand people live here, some of which are students Cambridge and King's College.
The first mention of Cambridge dates back to the VIII century, and already in the Middle Ages the city became one of the centers of the concentration of forces supporting the Parliament. In the 15th century, Henry VI himself founded the famous King's College, which is considered not only an important educational institution, but also the most beautiful architectural monument of Great Britain.
nottingham
Nottingham is located in the heart of England on the River Trent and is capital of Nottingshire with a population of about 300 thousand people. The city has a powerfully developed knitwear industry, engineering, food and flavor enterprises, as well as coal mining and pharmaceuticals, but popularity came to it thanks to the well-known good-natured robber Robin Hood.
Great Britain has played a significant role on the world map, showing itself as the strongest state, influencing the rest of the world, as well as creating excellent conditions for tourist trips.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an island nation located in northwestern Europe. The country is washed by the waters of the North Sea from the east, the Norwegian - from the north and Atlantic Ocean- from the west and south. It occupies the entire island of Great Britain, as well as the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and small nearby islands and archipelagos.
A detailed map of the UK shows that the country also extends its sovereignty to a number of island territories in the Caribbean and mediterranean seas as well as the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Great Britain on the world map: geography, nature and climate
Great Britain on the world map occupies 243,809 km 2, of which 229,946 km² falls on the island of Great Britain. Despite its relatively small size, the country has an extremely long coastline of 17,820 km.
The length of the land border is only 360 km. The only land neighbor of the UK is Ireland, which occupies most of the island of the same name. However, the overseas territories of the country border on Spain (on a small stretch near the city of Gibraltar) and Cyprus (in the area of the location of sovereign British military bases). Great Britain recognizes more than two dozen states as its maritime neighbors, but the main territory borders only on France through the English Channel and Pas-de-Calais.
Geographic location of Great Britain
The relief of the country is very diverse. The northern regions of Great Britain are represented by the North Scottish Highlands. It is here that on the maps of Great Britain in Russian you can find the highest point of the country - Mount Ben Nevis (1344 m). To the south, the Mid-Scottish Lowland begins, resting on the Pennine Range, which stretches for 350 km from north to south. Behind him begins the Midland - a plain that occupies most of the island. Another small mountain range Snowdonia is located in Central Wales in the west of the country.
The Northern Irish enclave of the country, despite its small size, is also distinguished by a variety of relief. It is here that the largest lake in the country, Loch Neagh, is located, whose area is 396 km². There are a sufficient number of large full-flowing rivers in the UK, but the length of the longest - the Severn - does not exceed 354 km.
Animal and plant world
The nature of the country has been subjected to significant human interference since ancient times. Up to 70% of the UK is used for agricultural purposes. And only 10% of the land is occupied by forests. In the northern mountainous regions, mixed oak-pine forests are common. To the south of the bowl there are elms, hornbeams, birches, beeches and ash trees. A significant part of animal species was exterminated. To date, only 53 species of mammals live in the UK. The most common are red deer, wild goats, roe deer, badgers, foxes, otters and weasels. Gray and common seals are often found on the coasts. Coastal waters are rich in commercial fish species - mackerel, herring, sprat, cod and sardine.
Climate
Thanks to the warm current of the Gulf Stream, the country's climate is milder than in countries of the same latitude. Most of the UK lies in the temperate oceanic climate zone. The average winter temperature ranges from 2-4 0 C, and the summer temperature rarely exceeds 15-16 0 C.
It should be noted that in the mountainous and most northern regions these figures will be 2-3 degrees lower. The number of rainy and cloudy days in the country is high, so the rainfall in the most humid western regions can reach 3000 mm per year. However, in most areas of the UK, the average rainfall does not exceed 800 mm.
UK map with cities. Administrative division of the country
The UK has a very confusing structure. Apart from overseas territories, the country is divided into 4 main parts, which are actually autonomous states. These are England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Moreover, each of the parts has its own internal administrative division, which differs from the others. So Northern Ireland is divided into 6 counties and 11 districts, Scotland - into 32 districts, and Wales - into 9 counties, 10 city-counties and 3 cities. England has the most complex division: 28 counties, 6 city-counties, 9 regions, 55 unitary units, Greater London and the Scilly archipelago, which has a special legal status. A map of Great Britain with cities in Russian makes it clear that most of the country's population (up to 85%) lives in England, which occupies about 53% of the area of Great Britain.
London- the capital of Great Britain and the third most populous city in Europe. Located in the southeast of the country on the banks of the River Thames. It is one of the key economic and financial centers of the world.
150 km northwest of London is Birmingham is the second largest city in the UK. Historic center of British industry and engineering. It is also one of the leading European scientific and educational centers.
City of Leeds located closer to the geographical center of the country in Yorkshire and is the third largest city in the UK. After the capital, it is the second most important financial center of the country.
GREAT BRITAIN
(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
General information
Geographical position. Great Britain is a state in the north-west of Europe. It consists of the island of Great Britain, which contains England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland, which occupies part of the island of Ireland. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are dominions of the United Kingdom, but are not part of it.
Square. The territory of Great Britain occupies 244,110 sq. km.
Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of the Great Britain is London. Largest cities: London (7,335 thousand people), Manchester (2,277 thousand people), Birmingham (935 thousand people), Glasgow (654 thousand people), Sheffield (500 thousand people), Liverpool ( 450 thousand people), Edinburgh (421 thousand people), Belfast (280 thousand people).
Great Britain consists of 4 administrative and political parts (historical provinces): England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London), Wales (8 counties), Scotland (9 districts and an island territory) and Northern Ireland (26 counties). The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have a special status.
Political system
Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II (in power since 1952). The head of government is the prime minister. Legislative power is vested in Parliament, which consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Relief. On the territory of England are the Pennines (in the north of the region) with the highest point - Mount Scafell Pike (2178m). South of the Pennines and east of Wales stretches a vast plain that occupies most of central and southern England. In the extreme south are the Dartmoor Hills (about 610 m above sea level).
Scotland, which is mostly mountainous, can in turn be divided into three regions: the Highlands in the north, the Central Lowlands in the center and the Suzen Uplands in the south. The first region occupies more than half of the territory of Scotland. This is the most mountainous region of the British Isles, cut in many places by narrow lakes. In the Grampian Mountains of this region is the highest point in Scotland and the entire United Kingdom - Mount Ben Nevis (1343 m). The central region is more or less flat with few hills. And although it occupies only a tenth of the territory of Scotland, the majority of the country's population is concentrated here. The southernmost region is the moorland, considerably lower than the Highlands. >
Wales, like Scotland, is a mountainous region, but the mountains here are not so high. The main mountain range is the Cambrian Mountains in the center of Wales, the Snowdon massif (up to 1,085 m high) is located in the northwest. Most of the territory of Northern Ireland is occupied by a plain, in the center of which is Loch Nee. In the northwest are the Sperin Mountains, on the northeast coast - the Antrim Highlands and the Murne Mountains in the southeast of the region, they also contain the highest point in Northern Ireland, Slieve Donard (852 m).
Geological structure and minerals. On the territory of Great Britain there are deposits of coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, rock and potash salts, tin, lead, quartz.
Climate. The climate of the country varies depending on the region. In England, the climate is mild due to the relative warmth of the seas surrounding it. The average annual temperature is around +11°C in the south and around +9°C in the northeast. The average July temperature in London is about +18°C, the average January temperature is about +4.5°C. The average annual rainfall (the heaviest rains come in October) is about 760 mm. Scotland is the coldest region in the UK. The average January temperature is about +3°C, and snow often falls in the mountains in the north. The average July temperature is around +15°C. The highest amount of precipitation falls in the west of the Highlands region (about 3,810 mm per year), the least - in some eastern regions (about 635 mm per year). The climate of Wales is mild and humid. The average January temperature is around +5°C. Average July - about +15°C. Average annual rainfall is approximately 762 mm in the central coastal region and over 2,540 mm in the Snowdon Massif. The climate of Northern Ireland is mild and humid. The average annual temperature is about +10°С (about +14.5°С in July and about +4.5°С in January). Rainfall in the north often exceeds 1,016 mm per year, while in the south it is about 760 mm per year.
Inland waters. The main rivers of England are the Thames, the Severn, the Tyne, and the picturesque Lake District is located in the Mersinnins. The main rivers of Scotland are the Clyde, the Tay, the Force, the Tweed, the Dee and the Spey. Loch Ness, Loch Tay and Loch Catherine stand out among the numerous lakes. The main rivers of Wales are the Dee, Usk, Teifi. The largest lake is Bala. The main rivers of Northern Ireland are the Foyle, the Upper Ban and the Lower Ban. Loch Neagh (about 390 sq. km) is the most big lake British Isles.
Soils and vegetation. The vegetation of England is quite poor, forests occupy less than 4% of the region, most often there are oak, birch, pine. In Scotland, forests are more common, although moorland dominates the region. Oak and coniferous trees (spruce, pine and larch) grow mainly in the forests in the south and east of the Highlands. In Wales, the forests are mostly deciduous: ash, oak. Coniferous trees are common in mountainous areas.
Animal world. Deer, fox, rabbit, hare, badger are common in England; among the birds - partridge, dove, raven. Reptiles, of which there are only four species in all the British Isles, are rare in England. The rivers of the region are mainly inhabited by salmon and trout. For Scotland, the most characteristic deer, roe deer, hare, rabbit, marten, otter, wild cat. Of the birds, partridges and wild ducks are found mainly. There are also many salmon and trout in the rivers and lakes of Scotland. Cod, herring, haddock are caught in coastal waters. In Wales, the fauna is almost the same as in England, with the exception of the black polecat and pine marten, which are not found in England.
Population and language
The population of the United Kingdom is approximately 58.97 million people, with an average population density of about 241 people per sq. km. km. Ethnic groups: British - 81.5%, Scots - 9.6%, Irish - 2.4%, Welsh - 1.9%, Ulsters - 1.8%, Indians, Pakistanis, Chinese, Arabs, Africans. The state language is English.
Religion
Anglicans - 47%, Catholics - 16%, Muslims - 2%, Methodists, Baptists, Jews, Hindus, Sikhs.
Brief historical outline
In 43 AD e. Britain became part of the Roman Empire and remained there until 410, when the Celts, Saxons and other tribes replaced the Romans.
In 1066, the petty kingdoms of Great Britain were conquered by the Norman commander William and united into a single state.
In 1215, King John the Landless signed a guarantee of rights, providing for the rule of law "Magna Carta" (a document to this day is one of the main parts of the country's constitution).
In 1338, England entered the war with France, which lasted more than a hundred years (until 1.453). Almost immediately after its end, a war broke out for the English throne (the War of the Scarlet and White Roses - two rival dynasties of Lancaster and York, as a result of which both dynasties died), ending in 1485 with the victory of the Tudor dynasty "
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603), England developed into a great maritime power and conquered vast colonies on several continents.
In 1603, when the Scottish king James VI ascended the English throne as King James I, Scotland and England were effectively united into one state. However, the Kingdom of Great Britain was proclaimed after the signing of the act of unification in 1707, from the same time London became the capital of a single state.
In 1642-1649. the conflict between the royal house of the Stuarts and Parliament led to a bloody civil war, which resulted in the proclaiming of a republic led by Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was soon restored, but the rights of the king were significantly curtailed and, in fact, the full power was in Parliament.
At the end of the XVIII century. Great Britain lost 13 American colonies, but significantly strengthened its position in Canada and India.
In 1801, Ireland was annexed to the kingdom. In 1815, Great Britain played a big role in the defeat of the Napoleonic army, which strengthened its position as one of the most important European powers. After that, the country lived in peace for a century, expanding its colonial possessions, which especially grew during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901).
After the First World War, Great Britain was in a difficult economic situation, which partly played in favor of the Irish liberation movement, and in 1921 Ireland declared independence.
After the Second World War, national problems in Scotland and Northern Ireland became more acute. The events in Northern Ireland took on a particularly dramatic character, where a war had actually been waged since 1969.
In August 1994, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) announced a unilateral ceasefire, and the peace process, which began in the early 1990s with negotiations between the British and Irish governments, moved a little faster. However, dissatisfied with the course of the negotiation process, the IRA militants resumed their terrorist activities in early 1996. An agreement was reached between England and Ireland to settle their differences by peaceful political means.
Brief economic essay
Great Britain is an economically developed industrial country. Extraction of oil, natural gas, coal. The leading industry is mechanical engineering, including electrical and radio-electronic, transport (aerospace, auto and shipbuilding), tractor and machine tool building. The oil refining, chemical (production of plastics and synthetic resins, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers), textile, and food industries are well developed. Large footwear, clothing and other branches of light industry. The main branch of agriculture is meat and dairy and dairy farming. Grain farming predominates in crop production; sugar beet cultivation, potato growing. Fishing. Export: machinery and equipment, oil and oil products, products of the chemical industry. The UK is a major exporter of capital. Foreign tourism.
The monetary unit is the pound sterling.
A Brief Outline of Culture
Art and architecture. In the UK, the largest, unusually folded and integral in composition megalithic complexes of the Neolithic and Bronze Age (Stonehenge, Avebury), the remains of Roman buildings I-V centuries, stone carving and metal products of the Celts, Picts, Anglo-Saxons. By the 7th - 10th centuries include churches (in Earl Barton, 10th century) derived from folk frame buildings, and miniatures with a complex curvilinear pattern. Anglo-Norman churches (in Norwich, Wixester) with narrow, long naves, choir and transept and powerful square towers, tower-like castles (Tower of London, begun around 1078), colorful miniatures of the Winchester school are characteristic of the Romanesque style of the 11th-12th centuries . Developed from the 12th century English Gothic (the first Gothic construction in Europe - in Durham Cathedral) is represented by cathedrals in Canterbury, Lincoln, Salisbury, York, Westminster Abbey in London; they are characterized by a combination of simplicity and massiveness of elongated squat volumes with an increasing abundance of decor, an ever more complicated pattern of wide facades; decorative finesse
teas gothic paintings, miniatures, sculptures, tombstones with stone or engraved figures on copper sheets. Late Gothic (“perpendicular style”, from the second half of the 14th century) is marked by the richness of carved decoration of light, spacious interiors of churches and secular buildings (St. the emergence of easel, including portrait, painting.
The Reformation (begun in 1534) gave English culture a purely secular character, and after the English revolution of the 17th century. in construction and everyday life, the desire for rationality and comfort intensified.
In painting of the XVI-XVII centuries. the main place was occupied by the portrait: the traditions of H. Holbein, who came to Great Britain, were developed by the English miniaturists N. Hilliard, A. Oliver, S. Cooper; the type of spectacular aristocratic portrait of the 17th century, introduced by foreigners who settled in Great Britain - L. van Dyck, P. Lely, G. Neller, acquired from their English successors - W. Dobson and J. Riley, great simplicity, rigor and objectivity.
The classically clear buildings of I. Jones (Banquet Hall in London, 1619-1622) served as the starting point for the development of English classicism of the 17th-18th centuries, distinguished by restrained, strict solemnity, and a clear logic of the composition of urban ensembles (Greenwich Hospital, 1616-1728, architect K Wren and others, Fitzroy Square, about 1790-1800, architects R. and J. Adam, in London), churches (St. Paul's Cathedral, 1675-1710, and 52 churches in London, built by C. Wren after fire of 1666).
Great Britain was the birthplace of the romantic trend of pseudo-Gothic and landscape "English" parks (W. Kent, W. Chambers).
The rise of English art in the 18th century opens with the work of W. Hogarth. A galaxy of brilliant portrait painters: A. Ramsey, J. Reynolds, H. Raeburn skillfully combined the ceremonial impressiveness of the composition with the naturalness and spirituality of the image. National schools of landscape (G. Gainsborough, R. Wilson, J. Krom; watercolorists J. R. Cozens, T. Girtin) and genre painting (J. Moreland, J. Wright) have developed.
In the first half of the XIX century. along with the romantic fantasy graphic artist W. Blake and the bold colorist landscape painter W. Turner, the founder of the plein-air realistic landscape J. Constable, the subtle landscape painter and historical painter R. P. Bonington, the masters of the watercolor landscape J. S. Kotman and D. Cox.
London. British Museum (which houses world-famous archaeological finds, collections of drawings, coins, medals, specialized exhibitions are regularly held); Victoria and Albert Museum (which is one of the most interesting museums of applied arts with the richest collections of objects from almost all countries of the world, all styles and eras, national collections of post-classical sculpture, photography, watercolors); Museum of Natural History with magnificent collections of animals, insects, fish, a specialized exhibition of dinosaurs; Museum of London History with a collection of exhibits from the time of the Roman Empire to the present day; the Tate Gallery with magnificent collections of British and European paintings of the late 19th and 20th centuries; National Gallery with a collection of Western European paintings from the 13th century. to the 20th century; London Gaol - a medieval horror museum with torture chambers; Madame Tussauds-Worldwide famous museum wax figures; cathedral of st. Paul (XVII-XVIII centuries); Tower of London- a museum complex, in which, in particular, the jewels of the British crown are stored; Westminster Abbey (XI century) - the place of coronation of all British monarchs; Palace of Westminster(Parliament building), the most famous part of which is the clock tower with the bell "Beat Ben"; Buckingham Palace is the royal residence. Trafalgar Square with Nelson's Column, erected in honor of the victory at Trafalgar; a large number of parks, among which Hyde Park with a "speakers' corner" stands out; Regent's Park with a magnificent zoo, Kew Gardens with a greenhouse, an aquarium and the Butterfly House, where tropical butterflies fly all year round. Edinburgh. Edinburgh castle; church of st. Margaret (XI century); Castle Rock Castle, the royal residence in Scotland, Holyrod Palace; church of st. Gilles (XV century); the Scottish Parliament building (1639); home of a 16th-century Protestant reformer John Nonce; National Gallery of Scotland; National Portrait Gallery of Scotland; Royal Museum; Museum of Modern History; Museum of Scottish History. Belfast. City hall; Protestant Cathedral of St. Anna; Ulster Museum. Glasgow. Cathedral of St. Mungo (1136 - mid-15th century); the Glasgow Museum, one of the best art galleries in Britain; Hunterian Museum; Botanical Garden; zoo. Cardiff. Cardaf Castle (XI century); Cathedral of Llandaf; church of st. John the Baptist (XV century); National Museum of Wales. Stratford-upon-Avon (England). House-Museum of W. Shakespeare; Royal Shakespeare Theatre. Invernes (Scotland). Castle of the 12th century; the remains of the fort GUv.; nearby is the famous Loch Ness, in which a monster with the affectionate name Nessie allegedly lives.
The science. D. Priestley (1733-1804) - chemist who discovered oxygen; T. Mor (1478-1535) - one of the founders of utopian socialism; W. Gilbert (1544-1603) - physicist, researcher of geomagnetism; F. Bacon (1561-1626) - philosopher, founder of English materialism; W. Garvey (1578-1657) - the founder of modern physiology and embryology, who described the large and small circles of blood circulation; R. Boyle (1627-1691) - chemist and physicist, who laid the foundation for chemical analysis; J. Locke (1632-1704) - philosopher, founder of liberalism; I. Newton (1643-1727) - mathematician, mechanic, astronomer and physicist, creator of classical mechanics; E. Halley (1656-1742) - astronomer and geophysicist, who calculated the orbits of more than 20 comets; J. Berkeley (1685-1753) - philosopher, subjective idealist; S. Johnson (1709-1784) - lexicographer who created the Dictionary in English"(1755); D. Hume (1711_1776) - philosopher, historian, economist; V. Herschel (1738-1822) - the founder of stellar astronomy, who discovered Uranus; G. Kort (1740-1800) - inventor of the rolling mill; E. Cartwright (1743-1823) - inventor of the loom; T. Malthus (1766-1834) - economist, founder of Malthusianism; D. Ricardo (1772-1823) and A. Smith (1723-1790) - the largest representatives of classical political economy; J. Watt (1774-1784) - inventor of the steam engine; J. Stephenson (1781-1848) - inventor of the steam locomotive; M. Faraday (1791-1867) - physicist, founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field; J. Nesmith (1808-1890) - creator of the steam hammer; C. Darwin (1809-1882) - naturalist, creator of the theory of evolution; J. Joule (1818-1889) - physicist, experimentally substantiated the law of conservation of energy; J. Adams (1819-1892) - astronomer and mathematician who calculated the orbit and coordinates of Neptune; G. Spencer (1820-1903) - philosopher and sociologist, one of the founders of positivism; J. Maxwell (1831-1879) - physicist, creator of classical electrodynamics; W. Batson (1861-1926), biologist, one of the founders of genetics; G. Rutherford (1871-1937) - physicist, one of the founders of the theory of radioactivity and the structure of the atom; A. Fleming (1881-1955) - microbiologist who discovered penicillin; J. Keynes (1883-1946) - economist, founder of Keynesianism; J. Chadwick (1891-1974) - physicist who discovered the neutron; P. Dirac (1902-1984) - physicist, one of the creators of quantum mechanics; F. Whittle (b. 1907) - inventor of the turbojet engine.
Literature. The epic poem "Beowulf" (7th century) has come down to us in the lists of the 10th century. On British soil in the VIII-X centuries. the religious lyrics of the Anglo-Saxons, theological works, chronicles arose. After the conquest of England by the Normans in the XI-XIII centuries. trilingual literature develops: church writings in Latin, chivalric poems and poems in French, English traditions in Anglo-Saxon. The synthesis of the culture of the era of mature feudalism and the anticipation of the early Renaissance are characteristic of the Canterbury Tales (XIV century) - a collection of poetic stories and short stories by J. Chaucer. In the prologue to this work, a description is given of people of all classes and professions going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. The medieval romance of chivalry is combined here with the prosaic humor of the townspeople; in the assessments of life phenomena, the emergence of early humanism is felt. The Hundred Years' War with France, then the War of the Scarlet and White Roses, slowed down the development of literature. Among the few monuments is the presentation in prose of the legends about the knights of the "Round Table" - "The Death of Arthur" by Thomas Malory (XV century). At the beginning of the XVI century. Thomas More, the author of Utopia, which contained not only criticism of the feudal system, but also a picture of an ideal state, is speaking.
At the beginning of the XVII century. the genre of essays (F. Bacon) and characteristics (G. Overbury) appears. The dramaturgy of the mature English Renaissance reached its highest artistic height. In the XV century. the genres of morality and interlude appear in the theater. In the folk theater, which experienced rapid development in the 2nd half of the 16th century, an original national dramaturgy arose: K. Marlo (1564-1593), T. Kid (1558-1594) and others. Their activities paved the way for the creativity of the great playwright W. Shakespeare (1564-1616). In his comedies, he reflected the cheerful spirit of the Renaissance and the optimism of the humanists; among his works are chronicle plays from the history of England ("Richard III", "Henry IV", etc.). Tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, etc.) became the pinnacle of Shakespeare's work.
J. Milton (1608-1674) during the Restoration period created an epic poem on the biblical story "Paradise Lost" (1667).
The leading ideological trend of the XVIII century. enlightenment becomes. The primacy in literature passes from poetry to prose; a bourgeois novel arises, the creator of which was D. Defoe (1661-1731), who became famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe (1719). Satire J. Swift (1667-1745) "Gulliver's Travels" (1726) brought the author worldwide fame. Sentimental novels by S. Richardson (1689-1761), written in epistolary form, gained fame. The satirical line in social comedy continued to develop and culminated in the work of R. B. Sheridan (1751-1816), author of the satirical comedy The School of Scandal (1777).
The revival of interest in folk poetry led to the popularity of the Scottish poet R. Burns (1759-1796). In the 90s of the XVIII century. the works of the romantics W. Wordsworth (1770-1850), S. T. Coleridge (1772-1834), R. Southey (1774-1843), sometimes united by the concept of "lake school", appear. The second generation of English romantics - J. G. Byron (1788-1824), P. B. Shelley (1792-1822), J. Keith (1795-1821). W. Scott (1771-1832) creates the genre of the historical novel.
30-60s of the XIX-period of the heyday of critical realism: in the novels of Ch. 1810-1865). Thackeray creates a "novel without a hero" "Vanity Fair" (1847-1848). At the end of the XIX century. in the English novel there is a sharp contrast between the neo-romanticism of R. L. Stevenson (1850-1894) and the harsh realism of T. Hard (1840-1928) and S. Butler (1835-1902). Representatives of English naturalism J. Moore (1852-1933) and J. Gissing (1857-1903) were followers of E. Zola.
In the 90s. the period of modern English literature begins. At its threshold stands a brief period of decadence and symbolism, presented by O. Wilde (1854-1900). The coryphaeus of English symbolism is the Irishman W. B. Yeats (1865-1939).
The last decade of the 19th century and the years preceding the First World War were marked by a powerful development of critical realism, for example, the plays of B. Shaw (1856-1950, Heartbreak House, Back to Methuselah, etc.), fantastic and philosophical novels by H. J. Wells (1866-1946, "The First Men in the Moon", etc.), the trilogy "The Forsyte Saga" and "Modern Comedy" by J. Galsworthy (1867-1933), the works of W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965, "The Burden of human passions", "The Razor's Edge", "Moon and a penny", "Theatre", etc.), E. M. Forster (1879-1970), Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) and others. J. Conrad stands apart ( 1857-1924), who combined romance sea voyages and descriptions exotic countries with subtle psychology. Poetry is most originally represented by R. Kipling (1865-1936).
The main place in the literature of the pre-war period remains with the novel, in which modernist experimentation arises. The Irishman J. Joyce (1882-1941) in his novel "Ulysses" (1922) applied the method of "stream of consciousness" in literature, marking the smallest details of the inner life of the characters.