Brief history of tourism development. Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E. History of tourism. History of tourism development in Russia

History of international tourism

International tourism originates in the middle of the 19th century, i.e. since the consolidation of the capitalist system in the most developed countries of the world. International tourism develops in close relationship with other aspects of international life and responds not only to the general political and economic situation in the world, but also in individual countries. This explains the uneven development of tourism in different years.

Tourism could become an independent, natural and common type of travel only at a certain stage in the development of social relations, on the basis of highly developed and sustainable economic, political and cultural communication between peoples. This coincides with the formation of the international market, the growth of international trade and the emergence of means of transport.

Europe has become the cradle of tourism, it accounts for almost 2/3 of the number of foreign tourists, the same share in the world tourist flow is made up of Europeans, who, as a rule, travel little outside the continent.

For some, the concept of "tourism" is associated with the sand and the sea, someone immediately thinks about sightseeing ... But there is a special subspecies of tourism - industrial. Fans of this type of recreation are interested in exploring various industrial, military facilities, as well as abandoned buildings. They find a special aesthetic in it. If you also decide to get carried away with such a holiday destination, find out everything about industrial tourism in Russia - the best places to travel in 2019 will attract you.

History of development

This type of recreation began to develop relatively recently - in the 60s of the last century. In general, back in the 19th century, some factories let tourists in on a tour a couple of times, but at that time people were not yet interested in them. But half a century ago, a special committee was created in the UK, whose members sought to preserve industrial sites as cultural heritage.

At the end of the millennium, in the 80s, Europeans were drawn to old factories, mines and factories, seeing them as "monuments of the industrial era." Well, after 2000 this type of recreation became very popular. The Internet has spread, and it contains information about objects, which has attracted many people who are tired of the usual beaches.

In Russia, industrial tourism began to emerge in the 18th century. Schoolchildren were taken to the mines and manufactories with excursions. This practice continued in the USSR. In addition, after the release of the film "Stalker", young people and adults became interested in visiting abandoned buildings and restricted areas, and later the name of the film turned into a synonym for such lovers. Well, with the beginning of the new millennium, everything just increased similarly to the western direction. In 2007, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. was released, and young people became even more interested in industrial tourism objects.

Now industrial tourism, although less popular than traditional, is still of interest to millions of people around the world.

Kinds

This type of recreation can be divided into several types:

1. Stalking. This is precisely the visit to abandoned, old, unused objects formed after the release of the film of the same name. Stalkers are attracted by residential buildings, and entire cities (), and factories. They not only look at them with pleasure, but also take pictures - just like traditional tourists take pictures of sights.
2. Digging. Diggers are those who are fascinated by the "underworld". No, we are not talking about some kind of esoteric here - just about various bunkers or ghost subway stations.
3. Roofing. From the English word "roof", in translation - "roof". Roofers like to visit the rooftops of city buildings and look at the views. There are those who prefer to just contemplate, those who enjoy the extreme process of "climbing" some stairs or pipes, and finally, someone even holds or attends all sorts of cultural events on the roofs.
4. passive tourism. Not everyone likes to enter forbidden places, such tourists are akin to the first among industrial ones - they prefer to go on excursions to various operating industries.
5. Urbanism. Urban tourists get aesthetic pleasure from exploring the city's beauties. Someone "collects" buildings in a certain architectural style, others like abandoned areas.
6. Post-pilgrimage. It is a kind of stalking and means visiting abandoned places of worship.

What is the price?

I must say that in Russia there are not very many such offers from tour operators so far. The West is still more interested in this type of recreation. However, there are special travel agencies that specialize in this. Vacationers are offered excursions to combines, factories, film studios and even nuclear power plants.

In the last five years, the direction has become more promising, many experts argue that in Russia it can be developed quite well, because a large number of abandoned objects have survived in the country since the Soviet era.

The cost of the offer depends on the payment to the owners of the object, guides, travel expenses. For example, in Sevastopol, a five-hour jeep tour of abandoned sites will cost around 6 thousand rubles for a group of 4 people. A visit to the factory where Belevskaya pastila is made will cost around 2 thousand rubles - this amount already includes round-trip travel from, guide services, and tea drinking. But, for example, you can get to the Moscow Brewing Company and see the process of making a foamy drink for free - the production itself organizes such visits on weekends.

If a person wants to organize a trip on his own, then its cost will directly depend on the cost of transport, accommodation and the cost of a ticket to the facility. It is clear that visiting some places will be generally free, because abandoned objects are abandoned for that.

Safety

By the way, about abandoned objects - there is a lot to be clarified here so that a pleasant vacation is not overshadowed by anything. If an industrial tourist is visiting an operating facility or booking a tour, then of course this will include certain permits and warranties, as well as safety briefings.

But as for other options, here you need to act on your own. The fact is that some old buildings can be a place where people without a fixed place of residence live, as well as marginalized people. Therefore, before becoming a stalker, it is best to get acquainted with experienced fans of this direction, learn everything about interesting objects perhaps visit them together with connoisseurs. In addition, it is worth walking around abandoned buildings or areas in certain, closed clothes - after all, there may be fragments, construction debris and other things that are unsafe with direct contact.

There are objects that are even guarded and are not intended for third parties to enter there. This is the most extreme direction of industrial tourism, as it can even be associated with breaking the law. It is precisely this unattainability that attracts someone, but here everyone acts at their own peril and risk.

As for digging and roofing, you need to go for this only in full confidence in your physical fitness, as well as in the presence of equipment. After all, climbing onto the roof is quite difficult - if we are talking about penetration through fire escapes, and not about going to the "open roof". As for underground facilities, for example, ghost subway stations, there may be dangers in the form of collapse of structures. It is better for beginners to join this type of tourism in an experienced company. In addition, digging as such is also often associated with a violation of the law, since the service areas are forbidden to outsiders.

Be that as it may, as a rule, an industrial tourist is a rather risky person. You can only call for carefully planning all the details of visiting the site.

Places and objects in Russia

It is possible to list all the objects of attention of industrial tourists for a long time, but it is worth talking about some popular points.

stalking

On the sites of fans of this type of tourism there are articles about many interesting places. Among them are such different ones as:

1. Abandoned naval training base on Russky Island. Previously, this place was the largest for the training of Soviet sailors, at present it is popular among stalkers. In addition to the base itself, you can see the remains of the “interiors” and equipment of the military.
2. The Olgovo estate in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. Built at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, in the USSR it was a rest home and a pioneer camp. Currently, you can see the main house and outbuildings, the school building, utility rooms, as well as the backyard park.
3. Kola superdeep well in the Murmansk region. The drilling of the deepest man-made hole in the earth began in the 1970s. However, in the 90s the project was abandoned. By that time, the hole had reached 12,000 meters.
4. Hotel "Northern Crown" in. The construction was frozen in 1995, they had been trying to build a hotel by that time for 7 years. Currently, it is a protected facility, however, especially brave stalkers get inside.
5. Koenigsberg castle in the Kaliningrad region. It was built in the 13th century, survived the glorious times as the residence of the head of the Teutonic Order. Unfortunately, during the Second World War, the building was damaged. The Soviet authorities tried to build the House of Soviets here. Discussions are underway regarding the restoration of the building, but so far the place is a ruin that attracts stalkers.

Digging

Abandoned or under construction metro stations are popular among representatives of this direction. This direction is most developed, of course, in and. However, due to the fact that the penetration of such objects is illegal, extreme people carefully hide the details of their "tourist" outings.

Other places diggers like to visit are abandoned bunkers. For example, one of these was found in Chelyabinsk, "tourists" found in it everything they need in the event of a nuclear war. They find such places right in the center - this is how the KGB bunker was discovered.

Roofing

Favorite city of roofers in Russia -. Again, this hobby is by no means welcomed by the authorities, however, sometimes the residents of the house themselves are not opposed to penetrating the roof with the quite calm goal of viewing the panorama. There are even special communities that organize excursions to open roofs for those who wish. As their leaders say, they have an agreement with the residents and ensure the safety of tourists.

Video about the roofs and courtyards of the Northern capital:

In, according to the roofers, it is more difficult to get onto the roofs - due to the fact that it is not easy to get into the entrance itself. However, sometimes they find such options: a house on the Enthusiasts highway, the roof of the Tea House on Myasnitskaya, the Armory business center - these are just a few popular places.

Passive tourism

This is the simplest type of industrial tourism, since everything is completely legal, safe and easy. So, for tourists are open:

• Brewery "Baltika" in the Tula region;
• Lipetsk Machine Tool Enterprise;
• "Khokhloma painting" in the Nizhny Novgorod region;
• Hydroelectric power plant KamGES in the Perm region;
• Art Glass Studio in Sochi and other facilities.

A very popular company offering excursions is Promtour. The operating nuclear power plant, Star City, Babaevsky Confectionery Concern, Moscow-City Federation Tower, Mosfilm - this is far from full list exciting objects.

The Petrotour company offers excursions to the Imperial Porcelain Factory, the Baltika Brewery, the Uzor tapestry factory, the dam, the stained glass workshop and other places.

Urbanism

As for this direction, everything is simple here. If you are a fan of a certain style of architecture, you should just look for where there are many objects or entire areas of such development. In Russia, there are many buildings in the Stalinist Empire style, constructivism, as well as industrial buildings of the 19th century.

Post-pilgrimage

Among the interesting objects in Russia are such as:

1. Abandoned temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the Moscow region. Built at the end of the 18th century opposite the Chernyshev estate. In Soviet times, the museum was not organized here, and therefore both the estate and the temple fell into decay. It's very easy to get in at the moment.
2. Tikhvin Church in Glukhovo. It was built in the 18th century and restored in the 19th century. The Soviet authorities destroyed the bell tower, and installed a mill in the church, soon the temple was abandoned.
3. Church of the Nativity in Ilkodino. Built in the 19th century in the Empire and Classicism styles. During the years of Soviet power, the temple was closed.
4. Annenkirche (St. Petersburg). The Lutheran Church, unlike many objects of attention of industrial tourists, is very accessible for visiting, in addition, cultural events are held in it - there is a fundraising for restoration.
5. Novotorzhsky Borisoglebsky Monastery. It was founded in the 18th century. The monumental temple, as well as the adjacent buildings, is a fairly well-preserved complex.

List interesting places Russia within the framework of industrial tourism can be long enough. Of course, in certain branches of it, the “points” are not advertised due to contradictions with the law, but you can get to other objects legally and easily - if you had money for an excursion. If you are interested in trying to visit such places, look for communities of passionate people in your latitudes or major cities- and you will definitely find something that will attract you.

Tourism- these are temporary travels of people from a day to 6 months to another country or city and visiting entertainment, sports or educational events. There are many types of tourism. Consider three main types of tourism.

MAIN TYPES OF TOURISM

Outbound tourism is the movement of people from the country to its borders.

Domestic tourism is the movement of people for tourism purposes within one country.

Inbound tourism- entry of foreign citizens into the territory of the state. There are also other categories of classification, but they are not so popular.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOURISM

Tourism originated in ancient times. In ancient times, people went on various journeys to explore the world, discover new territories for various religious purposes. Of course, when people arrived, they had to be accommodated somewhere, food should be organized for them. Naturally, they came to the rescue. locals. For that time, taverns, brothels became popular places.

In ancient times, the main purpose of tourism was trade relations and the Olympic Games. With the development of trade, the infrastructure of cities and towns developed. Roads, inns, and taverns had to be built. The most popular taverns in those days were not inferior in luxury to the palaces of the richest people in the country.

Camels traveled in the East. Travelers spent the night in tents, in caravanserais. True, the level of services and maintenance was much higher than in Europe. This is primarily due to the fact that trade in the east was more developed than in Europe.

In the Middle Ages, the strongest impetus for the development of tourism was given by pilgrims who rushed to Christian and Muslim shrines. The young population of countries has always sought the best place for life in Europe before plunging into a profession in their home country. The European rich loved to travel and relax in the resorts of Austria, Germany, Greece and Italy.

Mass tourism gave impetus to the development of industry. At that time, people began to be given paid holidays. In addition to all that has been said, mass tourism has given a huge impetus to the development of roads and transport. A type of transport such as a steamboat and a steam locomotive began to appear.

The first high-paid hotels appeared in Switzerland and Germany, and already in the second half of the 20th century, travel agencies were created. Travel agencies organized tourist trips around Europe and sold them to the consumer. At the same time, sports tourism and mass recreation are developing in Germany and the USSR.

The hostilities of the 40s made their changes in the development of European tourism. A new stage of development has begun. Since the 1950s, travel companies have been “growing like mushrooms”, mass construction of hotels and entertainment establishments has begun. Basically, Europeans focused on the American tourist, and since the 70s, outbound tourism in Europe has already been developing.

In the 1980s, tourism was a lifestyle for people. The range of services is expanding, so-called individual tours, ecological tourism appear.

HISTORY OF TOURISM IN THE USSR

In the USSR, only domestic tourism developed, since only a narrow circle of people could leave the country. Domestic tourism developed with the help of resort institutions, children's seasonal and medical institutions. But despite this, tourism in the USSR occupied one of the leading places in the world.

In general, it can be noted that tourism in our country contributed to the development of both the state itself and the nation as a whole. Tourism developed the physical culture movement, increased the social activity of people, developed in the spirit of sociological internationalism and patriotism.

Sports tourism is a journey through wild nature, in the natural environment along a certain route.

For mountain tourism the route is peaks and passes, for the water route - various canyons and river rapids, and so on. Distinctive feature sports tourism from the usual is that overcoming obstacles is assessed by category of difficulty. IN last years Such types of sports tourism as extreme tourism, adventure tourism, hitchhiking tourism and even sex tourism are actively developing.

In order for tourism to develop in the country, several factors are necessary: ​​1) A stable political situation in the country 2) Development of transport and infrastructure 3) development of communications and information 4) development of the hotel business 5) improving the well-being of the population.

3 factors can serve as obstacles for the development of tourism: 1) Various wars 2) economic crises 3) "Closed" countries.

Currently, tourism in our country is developing at an incredible rate. This was facilitated by the Olympic Games in Sochi and other international sports tournaments (world championships, etc.).

As a type of economic activity international tourism formed relatively recently: only in the second half of the 20th century. This was facilitated by a fairly large number of factors, including a decrease in prices for fuels and lubricants, the emergence of relatively cheap air travel on this basis, a trend towards urbanization of the population, a reduction in the number of workers and, accordingly, an increase in amount of free time, etc.

There is more than one opinion about the history of tourism development. Scientists distinguish different stages of tourism. V.B. Saprunova, I.V. Zorina There are four stages, V.P. Gritskevich, J.R. Walker - five. Various criteria are taken as a division criterion: social prerequisites, technical and economic, the invention of new vehicles, travel motives. It should be noted that at present in the educational literature a stereotype of periodization of the history of tourism development has been established, consisting of four stages:

The first stage is from antiquity to the beginning of the 19th century.

The second stage is from the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

The third stage - from the beginning of the 20th century to the Second World War.

The fourth stage - after the Second World War to the present day

Stage 1 - prehistory of tourism. The beginning of this stage is attributed to the ancient period. In ancient times, the main motives for traveling were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists and researchers from other countries (Herodotus - V century BC, Pytheas - IV century BC) went on long journeys.

Road construction was of great importance for the development of tourism at this stage. In the Roman Empire, state inns arose, located in cities and on main roads, located at a distance of one day's ride on a horse from each other. There were travel guides for travelers.

Wealthy Romans traveled to improve their education, and during the heyday of the empire, travel began to acquire an entertaining character. Especially willingly visited places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required the appropriate organization of their vacation. For example, in the town of Baia on the shores of the Gulf of Naples, sulfur baths were taken. And around them, already at that time, savvy merchants opened their establishments - gambling houses, drinking places, expensive shops.

The first sanatoriums appeared in Italy. A list of must-see places was compiled - the seven wonders of the world.

The collapse of the Roman Empire led both to the destruction of roads and to a decline in tourism. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, "tourism" was reduced mainly to pilgrimages. Israeli tour guides say tourism was invented by crusader knights who guarded groups of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Land from Arab raids.

With the establishment of absolutism in Europe, travel regained popularity, becoming safer. As a result, a fashion for them even began to emerge: in England, the "grand tour" became an obligatory item in the program of educating a nobleman, he had to go through it before entering the field of professional or political activity. The route started in London, led to France with a long stop in Paris, then to Italy. The way back passed through Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands. It was in the 17th - 18th centuries that the term tourism appeared in England.

In the era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, individual tourism with an educational and health orientation begins to prevail over religious motives. Representatives of the privileged classes of society made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. With the strengthening of public positions, representatives of the third estate in the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century increasingly undertake similar tours.

The development of tourism in Russia also took place in stages, each period had its own characteristics. Under the monarchy, it proceeded from the advantageous geographical location countries. Being in the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East was the basis for various kinds of contacts. With the adoption of Christianity, these contacts were further strengthened by guests from Byzantium, trade relations. Russian merchants carried their goods to the most different countries. Numerous pilgrims traveled to holy places. Everything changed with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars: Rus' for a long time lost any contacts with the outside world. In Europe, practically nothing was known about the Muscovite state until the era of great geographical discoveries. Ignorance of Russian customs, bad roads - this, and much more, made it difficult for foreigners to contact. Only merchants and diplomats were guests on the streets of the state, although the interest of Europeans in an unknown country was great.

From the fifteenth century there was a special Yamsky order - a centralized state institution that managed the organization of transportation and the service of coachmen throughout the country. In Russian cities, while in Europe, they have already begun to build gostiny yards. They differed from inns in great comfort - in addition to housing and food, guests had the opportunity to have a safe rest, because. Gostiny yards were usually surrounded by walls with towers to protect guests. At that time, much attention was paid to roads. Roads to major trading cities richly decorated, especially at the entrance to Novgorod. Monasteries were built, which served as a haven for travelers. The Yuryev Monastery, built in 1119, was such a monastery.

From the end of the 16th century, people began to travel not only for trade, but also for educational purposes. In 1624, E. Khabarov began a series of his travels to explore Siberia.

Peter I played a great role in the development of Russian travel. He sent people not only on business trips, but also to learn about the world around them: “to watch, see and write down”. Peter became the founder of balneological tourism. The first resort was named by him in honor of the god of war and iron Mars, "Marcial Waters". It was the first of the rulers who devoted a lot of energy to improving transport and roads - he became the founder of the navy in Russia.

In the 18th century, travel became an important part of the life of secular society. It was prestigious for the nobles to visit Europe and the East. Travel was seen as a means to take a person out of everyday life, to broaden their horizons, to master the language. It became obligatory to send children to Europe, both for education and for life training.

So, as we can see, the goals of campaigns and travels in the Middle Ages changed over time: until the middle of the 19th century in Europe and Russia, they pursued trade, educational, medical and religious goals. But, I think, it was too early to talk about the tourism economy, because. travelers organized their "tours" on their own, there was no dependence on the providers of any services, there was no one to think about making a profit. There were no owners-owners of tourist resources (one of the conditions for the emergence of the market was not met), or rather, there were resources, but they were not used for these purposes. Although individual elements of modern tourism have already appeared: the construction of roads, guest houses, resorts; the creation of institutions that manage transportation, etc. This was the preparatory stage for the development of tourism.

Stage 2 - elite tourism (beginning of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century). In the 19th century, travel became more accessible: a steam engine appeared, then the first steamship "Prince of Orange" (1816), the first steam locomotive (1825). In 1835, the total length of railways in the world amounted to 2.5 thousand km. The motivation of tourists is being transformed - now they travel to recuperate and discover the world. Next, we will consider in more detail the impact of these events on the development of elite tourism.

The most important role was played by revolutionary changes in the development of transport, accompanied by the expansion of the road network. Due to the massive influx of immigrants from the Old World to America, maritime communication is rapidly developing, in the middle of the 19th century large steamship companies appeared.

Scientific and technological progress and the social struggle of the working people, together with the growing welfare of society, led to a gradual decrease in working time in favor of free time. Guaranteed unpaid, and subsequently paid vacations were introduced (In Germany, for example, for the first time, vacations were established by the law on civil servants of 1873). Which, together with an increase in the quality and speed of movement, led to a significant increase in the flow of tourists in the world. Accordingly, enterprises began to emerge that specialized in serving temporary visitors. The modest pensions and "guest rooms" in the monasteries are being replaced by the first hotels. In 1812, the Rigi-Klesteli hotel was put into operation in Switzerland. in Germany in 1801. The first-class hotel "Badische Hof" opens in Baden-Baden. In the same place, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the first mineral water resorts appeared.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the leisure industry has been expanding the scope of its production: the first travel agencies that sell tourist trips to the consumer are added to the hotel industry. The first example of a comprehensive service is a group holiday tour by Englishman Thomas Cook in 1841. The package of services included a twenty-mile trip to railway, tea and buns on the train, brass band, city tour. The entire trip, which was attended by 570 people, cost each of them 1 shilling.

Interestingly, Cook pursued more social than commercial goals. He sought by such an action to draw attention to new opportunities for the use of free time and to find new supporters for the union he led. One way or another, the idea caught on, and over the next 20 years, many new travel agencies sprang up in England. Since 1862 the first catalogs appear tourist trips- the process of expanding tourist demand has begun. Thus, Thomas Cook became the founder of many attributes of modern tourism: travel agencies, reservations for transport and hotel rooms, traveler's checks, schedules and guides with comprehensive information.

In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, there are also serious signs of the development of tourism. In 1895, the Russian Society of Tourists was created. Excursion activities have begun. Many organizations have used it to educate the people. Their activities led to the opening of museums, historical and cultural monuments, the creation of exhibitions.

The natural conditions of the motherland - the presence of mountains led to the development of mountain tourism. The first alpine club was established in 1877 in Tiflis. Later, in 1895, the first Russian tourist "club of cyclists-tourists" appeared in St. Petersburg. Soon its branches appear in Moscow, Kyiv and other large cities.

The spread of hiking and cycling, mountain climbing and excursions, the attention paid to tourism by many educational institutions, the desire of the Russian intelligentsia to use tourism to educate the people - all this served as prerequisites for the association of those interested in specialized organizations. Societies "Crimean-Caucasian mountain club" and "Club of cyclists-tourists", which arose at the turn of the century, were the leading tourist organizations in the Russian Empire. In 1901, the “Russian Mining Society” arose. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. The task of the society was to organize tourist trips to ancient cities, holy places in Russia and abroad. In 1914, the society included 5 thousand people.

Russian tourism in the nineteenth century, as in Europe, was not massive, because. in the country after the abolition of serfdom, the standard of living of the bulk of the population was very low, while the lower strata of the population were completely illiterate. But two classes began to appear in society: the owners of resources (land) and hired workers. The first and developed elite tourism, it becomes one of the forms of entrepreneurship.

3rd stage - the beginning of social tourism. First World War, the economic depression of the 30s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. At the same time, it was during this period that elements of mass tourism appeared, which reached its peak in the post-war decades.

For example, in Switzerland there is a firm "Hotelplan", which is currently one of the largest producers of travel services in this country. The foundation of the company in 1935 was based on the ideas of its founder G. Duttweiler that the involvement of the "little man" in tourism would provide invaluable assistance to the hotel industry. Massive cheap tours become the main product of the firm. Already in the first financial year, the company sold more than 50,000 tourist vouchers.

4th stage - mass tourism. During this period, tourism becomes massive. From a luxury item, it has become a necessity for the majority of the population of developed countries. The leisure and entertainment industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

In Western European countries during this period, travel companies, hotels, enterprises for attractions and entertainment were actively created. European tourism in the 1950s was primarily focused on American tourists and was a source of dollar revenue. In the 60s and until the mid-70s, there was a rapid growth in both outbound and inbound tourism, as well as an increase in the number of tourism enterprises and

their production volume.

The most important indicator of the completion of the formation of mass tourism is the intensity of tourism in a particular country. The intensity of tourism shows what part of the country's population annually makes at least one tourist trip and is calculated as a percentage of the entire population of the country or to that part of it that is over 14 years old. When the intensity of tourism exceeds 50%, then we can talk about the formed mass tourism.

Relative indicators are used to assess the intensity of arrivals (departures). The intensity of arrivals is defined as the number of tourists per 1 inhabitant of the country (region). Sometimes the intensity of arrivals is estimated as a percentage, i.e. per 100 inhabitants of the host country. Globally, this figure is 0.11 (11%). For individual regions and groups of countries, this indicator deviates significantly from the global average. The intensity of departures is determined in a similar way. It is more convenient to estimate the departure as a percentage (per 100 inhabitants of the country of departure), as this shows what part of its population (region) leaves. For trips abroad, the maximum values ​​of the indicator are typical for Northern and Western Europe - more than 70%.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes took place in the supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism has transformed into mass differentiated tourism. Both in the first and in the second case, we are talking about mass tourism, in which not only the elite, but also the middle class, and since the 80s, the population with low incomes take part.

Ancient Greek, Persian and Arab travelers left many ethnographic references of the 7th-10th centuries about Christian and sun-worshipping tribes and peoples that inhabited the territories that now belong to independent Ukraine. Mentions of the first German traveler were recorded by chroniclers at the court of Vladimir the Great (the prince received the German personally). Subsequent times, tourism remains the personal choice of individual deviant individuals, holy fools or obscenely wealthy.

It became something exceptional and more or less organized with the advent of steamboats, at the same time long sea voyages began to gain popularity, as well as river voyages. In the Russian Empire, the first tourist organization was the Russian Society of Tourists. Over time, the Soviet Tourist Society (we have Ukrtour) under the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR became its successor. It was replaced by the All-Union Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (abbreviated as OPT) in 1929, and it was a success, albeit a relative one.

In the very first year of the functioning of the society, more than 50 thousand people became members of the OPT. The leadership of the OPT established ties with communist organizations in Czechoslovakia, Germany and other European countries, and international tourism began to emerge as something promising. At the end of the XX century. on European seaside resorts even began to open the so-called "Russian boarding houses", houses for Russian-speaking vacationers. But all this quickly fell into decay in 1936, when the entire leadership of the organization was repressed. Nevertheless, the structures of the OPT were transferred to the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports.

For Ukrainians, this period was very difficult, out of 153 tourist houses throughout the united state, only a few were on the territory of Ukraine, and of course, they did not satisfy the needs of even such an unassuming and small market. Thus, until 1914 there were very few tourists in our territories. However, the first attempts at organized travel were initiated in creative and cultural circles for sporting, ethnographic and recreational purposes. A student excursion to the Crimea in 1876, trips of local historians and nature lovers clubs, mountain sports clubs, a huge contribution to the development of tourism practice was made by Ivan Franko, who organized student excursions during his work at Lviv University in the 1880s.

The First World War is over. In 1924, the Plai and Chornogora tourist and local lore societies began their work in Lvov. The influence of the Polish tourist movement is felt. But the repressions of 1939 again kill everything in the bud. And soon World War II breaks out. However, the war allowed the Russians to honestly take away a couple of large motor ships from the Germans, which were later renamed Pobeda and Georgia and were used by the Intourist tourist organization as cruise liners. So the most luxurious type of tourism today began to develop in an organized manner almost before all the others. Cruises from Leningrad and Odessa around Europe were very popular. The 1950s saw another boom in the tourism industry.

In Ukraine, as before, the highest demand was for trips to the Carpathians, Crimea, Bukovina and Transcarpathia, as well as river trips along the banks of the Dnieper, cruises along the Black and Seas of Azov, car tours on the main cultural centers- Kyiv, Lvov, Kharkiv, Odessa - and weekend trips. Trains were sometimes used as land cruise liners. During the day, passengers explored the city, and in the evening they returned to their compartments and went to bed in order to wake up in the morning at their next destination.

In 1962, the Central Council of Tourism was established, and in the 70s and 80s, Soviet tourism flourished again. The Soviets wanted to dispel the terrible myths about their totalitarian regime on the other side of the Iron Curtain, and foreign tourists became frequent guests in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the then authorities, who did not disdain to resort to primitive censorship measures, were not friendly to all countries in terms of tourism, and with great difficulty let their residents go to certain countries.

With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, many previously forbidden tourist destinations opened up for Ukrainians. At first, the number of tourists wishing to visit Ukraine dropped sharply, but over time the situation stabilized, and tourism organizations began to steadily increase in number. Now the main priority in the tourism business is timeliness - both in the provision of services and in following the latest global trends. Modern tourism has become more active, dynamic, flexible and intelligent, and with Internet integration, its capabilities have increased significantly. The next item on the to-do list of Ukrainian tourism is space travel, and there is no need to grin like that, not so long ago, the color display of a push-button telephone was an exceptional technological innovation.